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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues, Glands, and Membranes > Flashcards

Tissues, Glands, and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of tissues called?

A

histology

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

groups of cells arranged in a characteristic pattern that carry out a specific function

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3
Q

What are stem cells?

A
  • immature undifferentiated cells with the potential to become different types of tissues (stem cells in red bone marrow can become many types of blood cells)
  • embryonic stem cells can differentiate into every kind of tissue
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4
Q

What are the four main groups of tissues?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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5
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A
  • covers surfaces
  • lines cavities
  • forms all glands
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6
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

supports and forms framework for the body

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7
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A
  • contracts and produces movement - electrically excitable
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8
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A
  • communicates through nerve impulses - electrically excitable
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9
Q

What is epithelial tissue composed of?

A

tightly joined cells found in sheets or layers

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10
Q

What type of tissue is the protective covering for the body?

A
  • epithelial tissue

- main tissue of outer layer of skin called epidermis

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11
Q

What tissue type lines glands and associated ducts, body cavities and hollow organs (lungs, stomach, bladder) and covers organs in body cavities?

A

epithelial

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12
Q

What tissue forms part of membranes?

A

epithelial

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13
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial cells by shape?

A
  • squamous - flat
  • cuboidal - square
  • columnar - tall and narrow
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14
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial cells by arrangement?

A
  • simple - single layer of cell
  • stratified - 2 or more layers of cells
  • pseudostratified - falsely appearing layered when not
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15
Q

What are four special features of epithelial tissue structure?

A
  • cilia (sweep mucous-trapped particles, create current)
  • microvilli (increase surface area of cell for absorption)
  • goblet cells (produce mucous)
  • keratin (tough protein)
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16
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium and where is it located?

A
  • single layer of flat cells, thin and thus speeds up rate of diffusion
  • lining alveoli of lungs (gas exchange)
  • wall of capillaries (gas, nutrient, waste exchange with tissues)
  • covering organs and lining organ cavities (mesothelium) (epithelium of serous membranes)
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17
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium and where is it found?

A
  • single layer of square-shaped cells adapted for secretion and absorption
  • lining kidney tubules and ducts of many glands (glands made of cuboidal epithelial cells)
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18
Q

What type of cells are glands made of?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

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19
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium? What are the two types (purposes and location)?

A
  • one layer of tall cells, tougher and more resilient than squamous or cuboidal cells
  • ciliated simple columnar epithelia with goblet cells (lines respiratory tract eg nose and bronchi, traps airborne particles and sweeps them out)
  • simple columnar epithelia with microvilli and goblet cells (lines small intestine, secretes mucous) (microvilli increase surface area for absorption)
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20
Q

What is structure and appearance of transitional epithelium?

A
  • many layers of cells

- appearance ranging from stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal

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21
Q

What type of tissue lines urinary bladder and parts of ureter and urethra? What does it do in the bladder?

A
  • transitional epithelium

- allows expansion of epithelial lining (appears squamous) but returns to original shape (cuboidal) when bladder emptied

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22
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium and where is it found?

A
  • many layers of flat cells that provide a barrier and resist friction
  • found lining the mouth, vagina and anus
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23
Q

What do glands do?

A
  • specialized to produce a substance sent out to other parts of the body
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24
Q

What are the two major types of glands?

A
  • exocrine

- endocrine

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25
Q

What type of gland secretes substances into ducts that open onto a surface or into a lumen? What are some examples?

A
  • exocrine glands
  • sweat glands (open on to skin for cooling)
  • salivary glands (open into mouth releasing saliva containing enzymes)
  • goblet cells secrete mucous directly onto surface of mucous membranes
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26
Q

What type of gland secretes hormones into the blood (no ducts)? What are some examples?

A
  • endocrine glands
  • pituitary gland (human growth hormone)
  • testes (testosterone)
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27
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • widely scattered cells found in a non-living matrix

- supportive tissue with wide variety of functions

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28
Q

What does the matrix connective tissue is found in consist of?

A
  • fibres (collagen - tough, elastic - stretchy)
  • water
  • minerals and other molecules affecting the consistency of the connective tissue (varying amounts)
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29
Q

How is connective tissue categorized?

A

by physical properties

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30
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

cells of connective tissue that produce the matrix

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31
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue and their properties?

A
  • circulating (blood and lymph)
  • loose (jelly-like soft consistency)
  • dense (contains many fibres)
  • structural (bone, cartilage)
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32
Q

What are the types of loose and dense connective tissue?

A
  • loose (areolar, adipose aka fat)

- dense (dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)

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33
Q

What type of tissue is areolar tissue and what are the properties? Where is it found?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • binding and filler tissue; glues epithelia to next layer
  • cells and variety of fibres in loose jelly-like matrix
  • dermis of skin, wall of blood vessels and organs (does not line organs)
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34
Q

What type of tissue is adipose tissue and what are its properties? Where is it found?

A
  • loose connective
  • similar to areolar (binding, filler, cells & fibres in loose jelly matrix) but with adipocytes (cells that store fat)
  • energy storage tissue
  • acts as heat insulation layer
  • protective padding around organs (kidney) and under the dermis (fat)
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35
Q

What is the difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissue? What are examples?

A
  • both composed mostly of collage fibers but irregular in random arrangement providing strength in all directions and regular in parallel arrangement providing strength in one direction
  • irregular (dermis of skin, fascia covering muscles, joint capsules)
  • regular (tendons, ligaments)
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36
Q

What is elastic connective tissue composed of and where is it found?

A
  • mostly of elastic fibers that return to resting length after stretched
  • vocal cords, large artery walls
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37
Q

What are the types of structural connective tissue?

A
  • dense irregular
  • dense regular
  • cartilage
  • bone
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38
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • fibro
  • elastic
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39
Q

Does cartilage contain blood vessels and regenerate? Does bone?

A
  • cartilage no

- bone yes

40
Q

What produces rubbery matrix of cartilage?

A
  • chandrocytes with collagen
41
Q

What are some properties of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A
  • functions in shock absorption
  • covers ends of long bones and reduces friction
  • nose, voice box, windpipe
42
Q

What are some properties of fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A
  • stronger and rigid
  • between vertebrae in spine and between pubic bones
  • functions as cushion for areas of compression
43
Q

What are some properties of elastic cartilage and where is it found?

A
  • stretchy but returns to size; flexible
  • allows for movement
  • found in outer portion of ear, epiglottis
44
Q

What type of tissue is bone made up of?

A
  • osseous tissue
45
Q

What two types of cells produce osseous tissue?

A
  • osteoblasts (lay down matrix)

- osteocytes (mature cells that maintain living bone & lay down minerals to make it hard)

46
Q

What are the type types of bone?

A
  • compact bone (mineral storage, protection, framework)

- spongy bone (framework w/ large paces where red bone marrow is located and produces blood cells)

47
Q

What tissue is electrically excitable and able to contract?

A

muscle tissue

48
Q

What are the three main types of muscle tissue? Are they voluntary or involuntary?

A
  • skeletal (voluntary)
  • cardiac (involuntary)
  • smooth (involuntary)
49
Q

What does skeletal muscle do?

A
  • works with tendons and bones to produce movement

- generates heat to maintain body temp

50
Q

What type of muscle is striated and what does that mean?

A
  • skeletal and cardiac

- organized muscle proteins produce visible bands

51
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found and what is its properties?

A
  • myocardium of heart

- involuntary, striated, branched

52
Q

What are intercalcated discs?

A
  • tough junctions to connect cell to cell

- a property of cardiac muscle that permits electrical current from pacemaker of heart to spread causing contraction

53
Q

What are the properties, location, and function of smooth muscle?

A

(visceral muscle)

  • involuntary, not striated, tapered at each end
  • located in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels (beneath epithelia and areolar connective tissue)
  • regulates volume, propels substances (peristalsis)
54
Q

What tissue is electrically excitable and involved in communication using electrical signals?

A

nervous tissue

55
Q

What is nervous tissue composed of?

A
  • neurons (the functional cell)

- neuroglia (supportive)

56
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A
  • brain (central control region)
  • spinal cord (site of reflexes and conducts signals to and from brain)
  • nerves (fibers that conduct the electrical signals or nerve impulses (action potentials) to and from the brain and/or spinal cord
57
Q

What is the neuron (in regard to nervous tissue)?

A
  • functional unit of nervous tissue

- generates electrical signals for communication

58
Q

What is the neuron composed of?

A
  • cell body (most organelles located here)
  • fibers projecting from cell body (dendrites conduct impulses toward cell body; one axon per cell conducts impulses away from the cell body)
59
Q

What are nerves composed of and what do they do?

A
  • bundles of axons and dendrites

- conduct impulses back and forth between brain/spinal cord and body

60
Q

What are neuroglia (nervous tissue)?

A
  • glial cells

- support cells of the nervous system

61
Q

What do neuroglia do? What do they not do?

A
  • protect brain, spinal cord, axons
  • some produce myelin found around axons (myelin fatty insulation that speeds of conduction of electrical signals acting like electrical tape around wires)
  • clean up debris and fight infection
  • do not generate electrical impulses
62
Q

What are membranes? What are they composed of?

A
  • thin sheets of tissue

- epithelia on the free surface and areolar connective tissue beneath

63
Q

What do membranes do? What do they secrete?

A
  • line hollow organ or body cavity
  • cover a surface
  • anchor organs in abdominal cavity (mesentery)
  • secrete watery substances (mucous, serous fluid, synovial fluid)
64
Q

What are the two types of membranes?

A
  • epithelial membranes

- synovial membranes

65
Q

What are the subcategories of epithelial membranes?

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • cutaneous (skin)
66
Q

Where are synovial membranes found and what do they do?

A
  • line joint cavities
  • no epithelial layer
  • secrete synovial fluid that lubricates joints
67
Q

What type of membranes line cavities that do not open to the outside (thoracic, pericardial, abdominal etc)?

A

serous membranes

68
Q

What is the mesothelium and what does it do?

A
  • epithelial surface of serous membranes
  • produces thin layer of serous fluid that allows structures to slide past each other, prevents adhesions between organs, and acts as a barrier to prevent bacterial invasion)
69
Q

What are the layers of the serous membrane and what do they do?

A
  • parietal layer (lines body cavity)

- visceral layer (covers organ)

70
Q

What are the three types of serous membranes and where are they found?

A
  • pleura (lungs)
  • pericardium (heart) (additional fibrous pericardium surrounds it)
  • peritoneum (abdominal cavity)
71
Q

What is the serous membrane of the lungs called?

A

pleura

72
Q

What is the serous membrane of the heart called?

A

pericardium

73
Q

What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity called?

A

periotneum

74
Q

What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside? What are some examples of these cavities?

A
  • mucous membranes

- urinary, reproductive, digestive, and respiratory tract linings

75
Q

What are the types of epithelial layer structures of the mucous membranes and their functions?

A
  • mucous and cilia trap and remove foreign particles (airways)
  • stratified epithelium protects deeper tissue (mouth, respiratory/digestive)
  • epithelia with microvilli absorbs food materials (small intestine)
76
Q

What happens to tissues as they age?

A
  • lose elasticity and become less flexible
  • sagging, wrinkles
  • repair less easily
77
Q

What happens to blood vessels as we age?

A

blood vessels lose ability to expand with bursts from heart leading to high blood pressure

78
Q

What happens to tendons and ligaments as tissues age?

A

stretch leading to poor posture and joint instability

79
Q

What happens to bones as tissues age?

A

become brittle leading to fractures

80
Q

What happens to muscles as tissues age?

A

atrophy or lose muscle cells and are replaced with connective tissue

81
Q

What is the superficial layer of epithelial membranes made of? The deep layer?

A
  • epithelium

- connective tissue

82
Q

What are the three types of epithelial membranes and where are they found?

A
  • serous (line body cavities & cover internal organs)
  • mucous (line tubes and ducts that open to outside of body)
  • cutaneous (skin)
83
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

epithelial membranes that line body cavities and cover internal organs

84
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

epithelial membranes that line tubes and ducts that open to outside of the body

85
Q

What are cutaneous membranes?

A

epithelial membrane commonly known as skin

86
Q

What are connective tissue membranes composed of?

A

connected tissue with no epithelium

87
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue membranes?

A
  • synovial membranes
  • meninges
  • fascia
  • membranes that surround organs
88
Q

What are synovial membranes? Where are they found?

A
  • connective tissue membranes
  • line joint cavities and secrete synovial fluid which lubricates joints
  • line small cushioning sacs near joints (bursae)
89
Q

What type of membrane is meninges? Where found?

A
  • connective tissue membrane

- covering brain and spinal cord

90
Q

What are the two types of fasica?

A
  • superficial (underneath skin, insulates body)

- deep (covers, separates, protects skeletal muscles)

91
Q

What type of membrane is the fascia?

A

connective tissue membrane

92
Q

What type of fascia is underneath the skin, insulating the body?

A

superficial fascia

93
Q

What type of fascia covers, separates, and protects skeletal muscles?

A

deep fascia

94
Q

What are some membranes that surround organs?

A
  • fibrous pericardium surrounds heart
  • periosteum surrounds bone
  • perichondrium surrounds cartilage
95
Q

What type of membranes are those that surround organs?

A

connective tissue membranes

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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