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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Skin and Integumentary System > Flashcards

Skin and Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A
  • skin & accessory organs
  • sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails
  • largest organ of body
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2
Q

What is another name for the integumentary system?

A

the cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

What are some functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • protection (pathogens, chemicals, fluid loss, abrasion)
  • protection of underlying structures and prevention of invasion by pathogens
  • sensory receptors for external stimuli
  • fluid secretion (sweat)
  • body temp regulation (sweat)
  • vitamin D production
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4
Q

What vitamin is the integumentary system involved in producing?

A

vitamin D

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5
Q

How does the integumentary system help regulate body temperature?

A

sweating

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6
Q

What are the two layers of skin?

A
  • epidermis

- dermis

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7
Q

What layer of skin is the outermost layer?

A

epidermis

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8
Q

What layer of skin is thicker, dense, irregular connective tissue?

A

dermis

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9
Q

What layer of skin is keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia found in layers (stata or stratum)?

A

epidermis

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10
Q

Is the subcutaneous layer a part of the skin?

A

no

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11
Q

What are the two stratums of the epidermis and how are they ordered?

A
  • stratum basale (bottom/deep layer closest to dermis)

- stratum corneum (upper/superficial protective layer of epidermis)

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of stratum basale?

A
  • constantly dividing and producing more cells
  • cells pushed upward toward surface of skin producing many layers/strata
  • nourished by capillaries of dermis (no direct blood supply, uses diffusion)
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13
Q

What are some characteristics of stratum corneum?

A
  • cells become keratinized (die as they mature; cytoplasm replaced by large amounts of tough keratin protein; cells become flattened and scale or cornified; eventually shed)
  • thickest in areas most susceptible to wear and tear (soles of feet, palms of hands)
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14
Q

What is melanin?

A

dark pigment produced by special epidermal cells called melanocytes when skin is exposed to UV light

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15
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

the depest layer of the epidermis

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16
Q

What is deposited in keratinocytes like an umbrella over the nucleus and absorbs UV rays?

A

melanin

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17
Q

What are freckles?

A

irregular patches of melanin

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18
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A
  • superficial areolar connective tissue
  • deep dense irregular CT
  • elastic fibres (stretch)
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19
Q

In what layer are the accessory structures (glands, hair follicles) located?

A

dermis

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20
Q

In what layer are the blood vessels located?

A

dermis

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21
Q

Is the dermis thick or thin?

A

depends of location - thick on palms/soles, thin over eyelids

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22
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A
  • portions of dermis extending upward into epidermis - location of touch receptors
  • capillaries to nourish epidermis
  • form ridges (fingerprints)
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23
Q

Where are touch receptors located?

A

dermal papillae

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24
Q

Where is the subcutaneous layer? What are two other names for it?

A
  • below the dermis

- hypodermis or superficial fascia

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25
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer do?

A

connects skin to surface of muscles

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26
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?

A
  • loose connective tissue

- large amounts of adipose (fat) tissue

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27
Q

What layer contains larger blood vessels that supply the skin with nutrients and oxygen and help regulate body temp?

A

subcutaneous layer

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28
Q

Does the subcutaneous layer contain any accessory structures?

A

some (eg hair follicles) extend into this region

29
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A
  • glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous)
  • hair
  • nails
30
Q

What are accessory structures?

A

structures that protect the skin but also have other functions

31
Q

What are the sac-like glands that produce oil or sebum and open into hair follicles?

A

sebaceous glands

32
Q

What are the tubular glands that produce a watery sweat for evaporative cooling of the blood in the dermal capillaries?

A

sudoriforous glands

33
Q

What are the two types of glands? What do they do?

A
  • sebaceous (produce oil or sebum)

- sudoriforous (produce watery sweat)

34
Q

What is hair composed of?

A

shaft and root and protected by hair follicle

35
Q

Which of the two glands is closer to the surface?

A

sebaceous gland

36
Q

What secretion lubricates the skin and hair and prevents drying?

A

sebum

37
Q

What gland opens into the hair follicles?

A
  • sebaceous

- apocrine sweat glands (sudoriferous)

38
Q

What are the two main types of sudoriferous glands?

A
  • eccrine sweat glands

- apocrine sweat glands

39
Q

Describe location/function of eccrine sweat glands.

A
  • coiled tube-like structures in deep dermis
  • secrete watery sweat containing a few ions and possibly wastes
  • evaporative cooling (produce perspiration that draws heat from the underlying capillaries as the moisture evaporates at the surface)
  • secretory portion in dermis and duct opens to pore on skin surface
40
Q

Describe location/function of apocrine sweat glands.

A
  • empty into hair follicles located mainly in armpits and groin
  • watery sweat with additional substances (pheromones or airborne hormones released during stress or sexual stimulation
  • become active at puberty
  • body odour develops from colonizing bacteria living off the cellular material
41
Q

What are the two modified sweat glands (limited locations)?

A
  • ceruminous glands (in ear canal; produce wax)

- mammary glands (in breasts; can produce milk)

42
Q

What is hair composed of?

A

dead keratin-filled epithelial cells

43
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A
  • protect head from cancer-causing UV rays (melanin)
  • protect eyes from sweat and particles (eyebrows & lashes)
  • detect stimulus (insects etc on arms, legs, back)
44
Q

What are the three portions of hair?

A
  • shaft (projects above skin)
  • root (in skin within follicle)
  • bulb (base of hair where joins follicle)
45
Q

Describe some features of hair growth.

A
  • mitotically dividing hair stem cells for hair growth located in the hair matrix at base of bulb
  • periods of no mitosis followed by loss of hair and new hair growth
  • genetically predetermined
  • melanocytes add melanin pigment as the hair is produced at the base
46
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

sheath or protective covering of epithelia and connective tissue that enclose the hair within the dermis

47
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle and what does it do?

A
  • thin band of involuntary smooth muscle attached to hair follicle
  • contracts to raise hair (goose bumps)
  • makes furry animals look bigger when threatened or cold
48
Q

What are the functions of the nails?

A
  • protect the ends of fingers and toes

- help grasp objects

49
Q

What are nails made of?

A

-hard dead keratin produced by cells that originate in the outer layer of the epidermis

50
Q

What is the growth region of the nails called where new cells form continuously? Where is it located?

A
  • nail matrix

- at the nail root under the skin at the base of the nail

51
Q

What is the nail bed made of?

A

epithelial tissue

52
Q

What is the lunula?

A

pale area that lies over the thicker growing region of the nail

53
Q

What part of the nail seals the area between the nail plate and the skin above the root?

A

cuticle

54
Q

What are some signs of disease that can be detected in the nail?

A

abnormal colour, thickness, shape, or texture

55
Q

What does the skin as a barrier protect against?

A
  • infection
  • dehydration
  • mechanical damage
56
Q

What are some effects of aging on the skin(5)/nails(2)?

A
  • wrinkles (loss of fat in hypodermis; loss of collagen and elastic fibres in dermis)
  • thinner dermis, less elasticity
  • decreased pigment (age spots localized areas of increased pigmentation)
  • thinner, greying hair (melanocytes die off)
  • less sweat glands (less perspiration and poorer temp regulation)
  • flaking, brittle, ridged nails
  • thick or discoloured toenails
57
Q

What are three strategies to maintain skin health?

A
  • proper nutrition/general good health
  • regular cleansing (don’t touch face with hands)
  • protect from sunlight
58
Q

What are some disorders and diseases of the skin?

A
  • atopic dermatitis
  • psoriasis
  • impetigo
  • herpes simplex & zoster (shingles)
  • fungal infections of nail
  • alopecia
  • pressure (decubitus) ulcers
59
Q

What are three types of skin discolouration?

A
  • vitiligo (patchy loss of melanocytes due to autoimmune attack)
  • cyanosis (bluish colouration due to lack of oxygen)
  • jaundice (yellow colouration due to liver failure and inability to breakdown pigment bilirubin)
60
Q

What are four types of skin surface lesions?

A
  • macule
  • papule
  • vesicle
  • pustule
61
Q

What are two types of deeper skin lesions?

A
  • pressure sores (decubitus ulcers, bed sores)

- fissures (cracks in skin due to eczema, athletes foot, etc)

62
Q

What are three types of skin cancer?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • melanoma
63
Q

What is the most deadly type of skin cancer?

A

melanoma

64
Q

What is impetigo?

A
  • highly contagious skin infection due to bacteria (staph or strep)
  • pus filled lesions (usually on face, hands)
65
Q

What are two types of fungal infections?

A
  • mycoses (superficial causing blisters, scaling and discolouration)
  • ringworm (on foot called Athlete’s foot)
66
Q

What is herpes simplex and what are the two types of herpes simplex infections?

A
  • viral infection that produces water blisters (can become infected with bacteria - pus)
  • type I (cold sores usually)
  • type II (genital)
67
Q

What is herpes zoster?

A
  • shingles
  • usually older adults
  • same virus that causes chicken pox in kids
  • one side of body and usually chest area
  • very painful itchy blisters
68
Q

What is atopic dermatitis?

A
  • itchy inflames skin
  • redness, blisters, pimple like lesions
  • can develop bacterial infections
  • many causes (allergies)
  • treated with corticosteroids
69
Q

What is psoriasis?

A
  • chronic overgrowth of epidermal tissue leading to red areas with silver plaques (especially on knees/elbows)
  • genetic/autoimmune causes
  • treated with UV light and corticosteroids

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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