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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A
  • smooth
  • cardiac
  • skeletal
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2
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory, passageways

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3
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

wall of the heart

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4
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located?

A

attached to bones

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5
Q

What type of muscle is tapered at each end?

A

smooth

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6
Q

What type of muscles are nonstriated?

A

smooth

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7
Q

What type of muscles are striated?

A

cardiac and skeletal

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8
Q

What 2 types of muscles are in branching networks?

A

smooth and cardiac

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9
Q

What are the special membranes between cells in cardiac muscle?

A

intercalated disks

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10
Q

What type of muscle is multinucleated?

A

skeletal

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11
Q

What type of muscle is long and cylindrical?

A

skeletal

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12
Q

Which types of muscles are involuntary and which voluntary?

A
  • involuntary: smooth & cardiac

- voluntary: skeletal

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13
Q

What is the action (contraction) of smooth muscle?

A
  • produces peristalsis
  • contracts and relaxes slowly
  • may sustain contraction
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14
Q

What is the action of cardiac muscle?

A
  • pumps blood out of heart

- self excitatory but influenced by nervous system and hormones

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15
Q

What is the action of skeletal muscle?

A
  • produces movement at joints
  • stimulated by nervous system
  • contracts and relaxes rapidly
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16
Q

What are some properties of smooth muscle?

A
  • single nucleus per cell
  • no visible bands (striations)
  • tapered at each end
  • involuntary contractions
  • located within walls of hollow organs (stomach, small intestine), blood vessels (arteries, veins), and bronchioles of lungs
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17
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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18
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

muscular waves of contraction that propel food along the digestive tract

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19
Q

What does smooth muscle contract in response to?

A
  • nerve impulses
  • hormones
  • stretching
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20
Q

Does smooth muscle contract fast or slow?

A
  • contracts and relaxes slowly

- can remain contracted for a long time

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21
Q

What are some properties of cardiac muscle?

A
  • single nucleus per cell
  • branching cells that communicate with each other
  • striated (visible bands due to overlapping contractile proteins)
  • involuntary contractions
  • in heart wall only (myocardium)
  • autorhythmic (contract on own without need for nervous system stimulation)
22
Q

What is autorhythmic (cardiac muscle)?

A

means they contract on their own without need for nervous system stimulation

23
Q

What are some properties of skeletal muscle?

A
  • multinucleated
  • long, large cylindrical cells (muscle fibres)
  • striated
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum prevalent (membranous structures that store calcium ions)
  • voluntary contraction
  • contracts and relaxes rapidly
24
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

membranous structures that store calcium ions - prevalent in skeletal muscle

25
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntarily or involuntarily contracted?

A

voluntary

  • conscious stimulation to contract
  • nervous system control
  • some involuntary actions such as posture
26
Q

What are 3 main functions of skeletal muscle? Name any others.

A
  • movement (w/ bones & joints)
  • maintenance of posture
  • maintenance of body temperature
  • vocalizations (muscles of speech), chewing (mastication), initial part of swallowing
27
Q

How does skeletal muscle maintain body temperature?

A
  • skeletal muscles generate heat
  • heat is natural byproduct of muscle cell metabolism
  • shivering (rapid small muscle contractions)
28
Q

What are two primary properties of muscle tissue?

A
  • excitability (stimulated to generate an action potential, which is a form of electrical impulse/electrical current)
  • contractility (ability of muscle to shorten, generate force, and pull on a bone
29
Q

What is excitability?

A
  • stimulated to generate an action potential, which is a form of electrical impulse/electrical current
30
Q

What characteristic of muscle tissue is described here:

stimulated to generate an action potential, which is a form of electrical impulse/electrical current

A

excitability

31
Q

What characteristic of muscle tissue is described here:

steady, partial contraction that keeps the body in posture, holding head upright

A

muscle tone

32
Q

What characteristic of muscle tissue is described here:

ability of the muscle to shorten, generate force, and pull on a bone (lever)

A

contractility

33
Q

What characteristic of muscle tissue is described here:

ability to return to original resting length or stretch

A

extensibility

34
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

steady, partial contraction that keeps the body in posture, holding head upright

35
Q

What is contractility?

A

ability of the muscle to shorten, generate force, and pull on a bone (lever)

36
Q

What is extensibility?

A

ability to return to original resting length or stretch

37
Q

Describe the structure of a whole muscle?

A
  • connective tissue coverings (endomysium covers individual muscle fibers, perimysium surrounds fascicles, epimysium outer covering or sheath of entire muscle)
  • deep fascia wraps around a group of muscles that work together (eg quadriceps group, hamstrings)
  • tendons form at either end of a muscle from the merging of fibers from all these CT layers (attach muscles to the CT periosteum of bone)
  • bursa (cushioning sacs that prevent rubbing of tendons
38
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue coverings of a whole muscle?

A
  • endomysium covers individual muscle fibers
  • perimysium surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres)
  • epimysium outer covering or sheath of entire muscle
39
Q

What is the deep fascia in regard to muscles?

A

wraps around a group of muscles that work together (eg quadriceps, hamstrings)

40
Q

Where are tendons formed?

A

at either end of a muscle from the merging of fibers from connective tissue layers (attach muscles to the connective tissue periosteum of bone)

41
Q

What are bursa?

A

cushioning sacs that prevent rubbing of tendons

42
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a point of communications between two cells (neuromuscular junction or between two neurons)

43
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.

44
Q

What is the ultimate effect of the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)?

A

to cause release of calcium ions in the muscle cell (calcium needed for contraction)

45
Q

What direction do nerve impulses travel? Motor impulses? Sensory impulses?

A
  • nerve impulses come from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate the muscle fibers
  • motor impulses travel away from the brain/spinal cord
  • sensory impulses travel toward the brain/spinal cord
46
Q

What carries impulses away from the neuron cell body?

A

axons

47
Q

What is the receiving end of the neuron called?

A

dendrite

48
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single neuron plus all of the muscle fibres it stimulates (a single action potential or nerve impulse causes all muscle fibres to contract simultaneously)

49
Q

Do muscles that carry out fine motor control or those that carry out large/gross muscles have more fibres per motor unit?

A
  • muscles that carry out large/gross muscle actions (have many fibres per motor unit - quadriceps, hamstrings)
  • those that carry out fine motor control have few fibres per motor unit (fingertips)
50
Q

Describe structure of muscle cell/fibre.

A
  • composed of many overlapping threadlike filaments (or proteins)
  • thin filaments (light bands composed mainly of actin)
  • thick filaments (dark bands composed of myosin)
  • filaments arranged in repeated 3D subunits called sarcomeres (arranged end to end)

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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