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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of the function of the body

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3
Q

Disease

A

illness or abnormal state in which part or all of the body does not function normally

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4
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease

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5
Q

Organization - Chemical level

A

cells are composed of chemicals (eg water, proteins, fats, carbs)

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6
Q

Organization - Cellular level

A
  • smallest level considered alive
  • different cell types carry out different functions
  • eg epithelial cells form barrier in skin
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7
Q

Organization - Tissue level

A
  • tissues composed of groups of cells that work together to carry out a common function
  • four types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
  • eg epithelial tissue contains number of cell types such as ones that fill w/ tough keratin and others that lay down pigment
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8
Q

Organization - Organs

A
  • composed of groups of tissues working together to serve a common function
  • eg epithelial tissue (epidermis) works w/ connective tissue (dermis) to form skin
  • stomach composed of all four tissue types
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9
Q

Organization - Systems

A
  • organs that function together for the same general purpose
  • eg integumentary system with skin, hair, glands, nails
  • eg digestive system with stomach, liver, mouth, etc
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10
Q

Organization - Body as a whole

A

organ systems working together to maintain the body

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11
Q

Integumentary System (Dermatology)

A
  • skin: superficial (outer) epidermis and deep dermis
  • includes hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
  • largest organ in body
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12
Q

Skeletal System (Orthopedics/Rheumatology)

A
  • includes bones & joints
  • 206 bones
  • framework of body; protects internal organs; attachment for muscles; site of blood cell formation; mineral storage - calcium, phosphate
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13
Q

Muscular System (Orthopedics)

A
  • includes skeletal muscles used for locomotion, posture, chewing, speech
  • skeletal muscles also generate heat
  • tendons attach muscles to bones
  • electrically excitable and contractile
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14
Q

Nervous System (Neurology)

A
  • CNS: brain and spinal cord
  • nerves: peripheral nervous system (sensory system - vision, olfactory, taste, touch, hearing)
  • fast communication between cells and organs
  • involves detection of a stimulus and determination of response
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15
Q

Endocrine System (Endocrinology)

A
  • glands which release hormones into blood
  • hormones travel through body to target cells & tissues w/ specific receptors
  • important for communication between cells & organs
  • eg pituitary gland produces human grown hormone (stimulated growth of bone & other tissues)
  • eg thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolic rate
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16
Q

Cardiovascular System/Lymphatic System (Cardiology, Hematology, Immunology)

A
  • heart, blood vessels, lymph nodes and vessels
  • transport of gases, nutrients, wastes
  • lymphatic system involved in immunity or resistance to disease
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17
Q

Respiratory System (Respirology)

A
  • pair of lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2
  • passageways such as trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to transport air to & from lungs
  • gas exchange at tiny air sacs called alveoli
  • sheet of skeletal muscle called diaphragm involved in ventilation (moving air in & out of lungs)
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18
Q

Digestive System (Gastroenterology)

A
  • all organs involved in taking in food & converting to substances body uses
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, colon, etc
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19
Q

Urinary System (Nephrology/Urology)

A
  • organs that filter wastes & maintain fluid balance & pH in body
  • kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
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20
Q

Reproductive System (Gynecology - Female/Urology - Male)

A
  • production of gametes (eggs & sperm)
  • production of sex hormones (testosterone M, estrogen/progesterone F)
  • development of fetus
  • internal and external sex organs (ovary, vagina, uterus/testes, glands, ducts, penis)
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21
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all of the chemical reactions occurring in the body - catabolism and anabolism

22
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down of complex molecules (eg nutrients) into simpler compounds for use by the cells resulting in the formation of ATP (energy containing compound)

23
Q

Anabolism

A

manufacture of large complex molecules such as enzymes & structural proteins needed for growth, function and repair of tissues - requires energy int he form of ATP

24
Q

Homeostasis

A

a dynamic condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment (internal balance) produced by the interplay of the body’s regulatory processes

25
Q

Blood pressure

A

regulated by nervous system & endocrine system to stay near a set point (varies throughout day so is dynamic)

26
Q

Controlled Condition

A

each thing that is monitored in body (blood pressure, body temp, blood pH, blood CO2, blood glucose)

27
Q

Stimulus/Stressor

A

any disruption that changes a controlled condition

28
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

Reverses the body condition returning to homeostasis

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temperature - if too high triggers sweat glands, too low triggers shivering of skeletal muscles

30
Q

Insulin

A

hormone that stimulates glucose uptake into cells so that blood glucose levels do not reach toxic levels for the brain

31
Q

Positive Feedback System

A
  • a stimulus enhances the original condition - stimulus increases something & response increases further until outcome achieved
  • eg labour contractions (begin & PF mechanisms continue smooth muscle contractions until baby delivered)
  • eg blood clotting (vessel punctures, clotting process continues until damaged vessel sealed)
32
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body in upright, standing position, face front, arms at sides, palms out, feet parallel
- directional terms apply (don’t if person is prone or supine or arms raised)

33
Q

Prone

A

lying on stomach

34
Q

Supine

A

lying on back

35
Q

Superior

A

(cephalic, cranial)

above; higher than; towards head; upper part

36
Q

Anterior

A

(ventral)

before; in front of; nearer to front

37
Q

Posterior

A

(dorsal)

towards rear; behind; back of body

38
Q

Medial

A

pertaining to middle; nearer to midline

39
Q

Lateral

A

pertaining to side; farther from midline

40
Q

Proximal

A

nearest the point of attachment; center of body or point of reference

41
Q

Distal

A

farthest from center, from medial line or from trunk

42
Q

Superficial

A

structure is nearer to the surface

43
Q

Deep

A

structure is farther from the surface

44
Q

Frontal plane

A

(coronal)

divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

45
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body into right and left (midsagittal equal right/left portions)

46
Q

Transverse

A

(cross sectional, horizontal)

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

47
Q

Tissue sections

A
  • cross (or transverse) section, used for CT & MRI scans
  • longitudinal section
  • oblique section
  • all three used for tissue sectioning & viewing under microscope
48
Q

Body Cavities

A
  • Dorsal cavity
    • cranial (brain) & vertebral (spine) cavities
  • Ventral cavity
    • thoracic (chest - heart & lungs) cavity, diaphragm (sheet of skeletal muscle dividing thoracic & abdominal cavities & important for changing pressures in these cavities helping with ventilation of the lungs & return of blood to heart, abdominopelvic (abdominal & pelvic cavities - stomach, liver, bladder, etc)
49
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

(chest)

  • two pleural cavities containing lungs and one pericardial cavity containing heart
  • mediastinum (central region between two pleural cavities which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland and blood and lymphatic vessels)
50
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A
  • subdivided into two regions based on location of structures
  • abdominal cavity (four quadrants, contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine)
  • pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine and reproductive organs)

Human Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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