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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES > Flashcards

TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES Flashcards

1
Q

a group of similar cells that functions together to carry out specialized activities

A

tissues

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2
Q

is the microscopic study of tissue structure

A

histology

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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4
Q

provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body)

A

epithelial

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5
Q

supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues)

A

connective

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6
Q

includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach

A

muscle

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7
Q

is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry “messages” to and from various parts of the body

A

nervous

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8
Q

True or false: epithelial tissue is primarily a cellular tissue, meaning there is little extracellular material between cells

A

True

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9
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular - no blood cells

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10
Q

Where is the epithelial tissue attached to?

A

Basal membrane

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11
Q
  • Fuse cells together tightly so that passing of substances between cells are prevented and so that they don’t separate while performing their functions
A

Cell junctions/connections

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12
Q

mechanically binds the cells together; contain protein filaments that serve as carrier molecules

A

Desmosomes

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13
Q

binds cells to the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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14
Q

areas where the membranes of two adjacent cells join together to form a barrier; it regulates the flow of solutes and liquids according to their charge and size

A

Tight Junction

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15
Q

help the tight junctions anchor the epithelial cells to each other

A

Adhesion belts

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16
Q

allow for the transfer of low molecular-weight substances, ions, and electrical signals between adjacent cells

A

Gap Junction

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17
Q

Classification of tissue according to number of layers

A

Simple and stratified

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18
Q

Classification of tissue according to shape

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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19
Q

Single layer of flat hexagonal cell; aids in diffusion, filtration, and protection against friction

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

Single layer of cube-like cells; in charge of secretion and absorption

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

Single layer of tall, thin cells; that are almost always ciliated. it helps foreign particles to move over the surface

A

Simpe columnar epithelium

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22
Q

Single layer of tall cells - while some cells reach the free surface, other do not, making it appear stratified

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

Where is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium usually found?

A

respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi)

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24
Q

Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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25
What are the main functions of the stratified squamous epithelium in the skin?
protection against abrasion. forms a barrier against infection, and reduces water loss
26
Several layers of cuboidal epithelial cells; absorption, secretion and protection in the sweat gland ducts and ovarian follicular cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
27
More than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar; deeper layer cells are irregular or cuboidal in shape
Stratified columnar epithelium
28
Special type of stratified epithelium that can stretch
Transitional epithelium
29
Most common location of the transitional epithelium
Urinary bladder
30
A diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. Consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix
Connective
31
Components of the extracellular matrix
Protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
32
WBCs capable of ingesting foreign substances
Macrophages
33
releases chemicals like histamine that promotes inflammation
mast cells
34
3 types of protein fibers
collagenous, reticular, and elastic
35
Shapeless background which holds the cells and protein fibers
ground substance
36
large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides
Proteoglycans
37
Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network
loose connective tissue
38
3 types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, and reticular
39
Has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and dill nearly all of the extracellular space
dense connective tissue
40
Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix. Provides strength and flexibility
cartilage
41
Matrix with mostly collagen and a few elastic fibers. Fibers widely separated from one another, loosely intertwined. Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structure with which it is associated
areolar
42
Consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipids for energy storage
adipose
43
True or false: aside from being a storage for energy, adipose tissue can also act as a thermal insulator
True
44
Network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells that are loosely arranged. Supporting framework of the lymphatic system
Reticular
45
Matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers which may be arranged in the same direction or in many different directions
Dense collagenous
46
Has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers. Allows the tissue to stretch and recoil
Dense elastic
47
Most abundant type of cartilage. Covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
Hyaline
48
Has more collagen than hyaline cartilage. Flexible and can withstand considerable pressure
Fibrocartilage
49
Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. Able to recoil to its original shape when bent
Elastic cartilage
50
Hard tissue with living cells and mineralized matrix
Bone
51
has spaces between trabeculae, or plates of the bone and therefore resembles a sponge
Spongy bone
52
more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix
Compact bone
53
Liquid matrix, enabling blood cells and platelets, collectively called formed elements to move through blood vessels
Blood
54
Produces motion by shortening or contracting
Muscle
55
Muscle tissue is composed of elongated cells called ___ that are highly specialized to generate force
Muscle fibers
56
3 types of muscle
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
57
Voluntary muscle and enables body movement
Skeletal
58
Specialized tissue for the heart
Cardiac
59
Is the cardiac muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?
Uninucleated
60
contain specialized gap junctions; are important in coordinating the transitions of the cardiac muscle cells
Intercalated disks
61
True or false: Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much longer than skeletal muscle cells and are striated, with one nucleus per cell.
False - cardiac muscle is shorter than skeletal
62
Forms the walls of hollow organs; non-striated, uninucleated, spindle-shaped
Smooth
63
Forms the brain, spinal brain, and nerves; specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
nervous
64
sends electrical signals; the functional unit of the nervous system
neurons
65
supports and protects the neurons because they are not regenerative
neuroglia
66
contains the nucleus in the neuron and is the site of general cell function
Cell body
67
usually receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes
dendrites
68
Conduct electrical signals that originate from the base of this part
Axon
69
support cells of the nervous system; nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons
Glial cells
70
Thin sheets or layers of tissues that cover structure or line cavities
Tissue membranes
71
Lines cavities that open to the outside of the body
Mucous membranes
72
___ or multicellular mucous glands are the ones that secrete mucus
Goblet cells
73
Lines cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and covers organs that lie within these cavities
Serous membrane
74
Main functions of the serous membrane
protect organs from friction, hold them in place, act as a semi-permeable barrier
75
found in between joints to reduce friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint
Synovial membrane
76
protects the blood vessels that pass through the bones
Periosteum
77
Response of the body from the process of infection
Inflammation
78
Five major symptoms of inflammation
redness, heat, pain, swelling, and disturbance of functions
79
Chemical mediators during inflammation
Histamine and prostaglandins
80
True or false: the chemical mediators during inflammation causes the blood vessels to contract
False - it causes blood vessels to dilate
81
Water flowing into the tissue causing it to swell is called?
Edema
82
Involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells
Tissue repair
83
Two types of tissue repair
regeneration and fibrosis
84
new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored
regeneration
85
a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function
fibrosis
86
Regeneration is usually accomplished by ___. They are self renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.
Stem cells
87
The clot contains protein ___ which binds the edges of the wound together. This forms a scab when it dries.
fibrin
88
Once epithelium under the clot is regenerated, the clot is replaced with ___.
Granulation tissue
89
True or false: after a month, the granulation tissue will be completely healed and the skin would go back to how it normally looks
False - the granulation tissue would be converted to a scar

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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