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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES > Flashcards

TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES Flashcards

1
Q

a group of similar cells that functions together to carry out specialized activities

A

tissues

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2
Q

is the microscopic study of tissue structure

A

histology

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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4
Q

provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body)

A

epithelial

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5
Q

supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues)

A

connective

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6
Q

includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach

A

muscle

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7
Q

is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry “messages” to and from various parts of the body

A

nervous

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8
Q

True or false: epithelial tissue is primarily a cellular tissue, meaning there is little extracellular material between cells

A

True

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9
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular - no blood cells

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10
Q

Where is the epithelial tissue attached to?

A

Basal membrane

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11
Q
  • Fuse cells together tightly so that passing of substances between cells are prevented and so that they don’t separate while performing their functions
A

Cell junctions/connections

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12
Q

mechanically binds the cells together; contain protein filaments that serve as carrier molecules

A

Desmosomes

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13
Q

binds cells to the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

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14
Q

areas where the membranes of two adjacent cells join together to form a barrier; it regulates the flow of solutes and liquids according to their charge and size

A

Tight Junction

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15
Q

help the tight junctions anchor the epithelial cells to each other

A

Adhesion belts

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16
Q

allow for the transfer of low molecular-weight substances, ions, and electrical signals between adjacent cells

A

Gap Junction

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17
Q

Classification of tissue according to number of layers

A

Simple and stratified

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18
Q

Classification of tissue according to shape

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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19
Q

Single layer of flat hexagonal cell; aids in diffusion, filtration, and protection against friction

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

Single layer of cube-like cells; in charge of secretion and absorption

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

Single layer of tall, thin cells; that are almost always ciliated. it helps foreign particles to move over the surface

A

Simpe columnar epithelium

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22
Q

Single layer of tall cells - while some cells reach the free surface, other do not, making it appear stratified

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

Where is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium usually found?

A

respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi)

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24
Q

Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

What are the main functions of the stratified squamous epithelium in the skin?

A

protection against abrasion. forms a barrier against infection, and reduces water loss

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26
Q

Several layers of cuboidal epithelial cells; absorption, secretion and protection in the sweat gland ducts and ovarian follicular cells.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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27
Q

More than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar; deeper layer cells are irregular or cuboidal in shape

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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28
Q

Special type of stratified epithelium that can stretch

A

Transitional epithelium

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29
Q

Most common location of the transitional epithelium

A

Urinary bladder

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30
Q

A diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. Consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix

A

Connective

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31
Q

Components of the extracellular matrix

A

Protein fibers, ground substance, fluid

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32
Q

WBCs capable of ingesting foreign substances

A

Macrophages

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33
Q

releases chemicals like histamine that promotes inflammation

A

mast cells

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34
Q

3 types of protein fibers

A

collagenous, reticular, and elastic

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35
Q

Shapeless background which holds the cells and protein fibers

A

ground substance

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36
Q

large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides

A

Proteoglycans

37
Q

Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network

A

loose connective tissue

38
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

39
Q

Has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and dill nearly all of the extracellular space

A

dense connective tissue

40
Q

Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix. Provides strength and flexibility

A

cartilage

41
Q

Matrix with mostly collagen and a few elastic fibers. Fibers widely separated from one another, loosely intertwined.
Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structure with which it is associated

A

areolar

42
Q

Consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipids for energy storage

A

adipose

43
Q

True or false: aside from being a storage for energy, adipose tissue can also act as a thermal insulator

A

True

44
Q

Network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells that are loosely arranged. Supporting framework of the lymphatic system

A

Reticular

45
Q

Matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers which may be arranged in the same direction or in many different directions

A

Dense collagenous

46
Q

Has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers. Allows the tissue to stretch and recoil

A

Dense elastic

47
Q

Most abundant type of cartilage. Covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints

A

Hyaline

48
Q

Has more collagen than hyaline cartilage. Flexible and can withstand considerable pressure

A

Fibrocartilage

49
Q

Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. Able to recoil to its original shape when bent

A

Elastic cartilage

50
Q

Hard tissue with living cells and mineralized matrix

A

Bone

51
Q

has spaces between trabeculae, or plates of the bone and therefore resembles a sponge

A

Spongy bone

52
Q

more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix

A

Compact bone

53
Q

Liquid matrix, enabling blood cells and platelets, collectively called formed elements to move through blood vessels

A

Blood

54
Q

Produces motion by shortening or contracting

A

Muscle

55
Q

Muscle tissue is composed of elongated cells called ___ that are highly specialized to generate force

A

Muscle fibers

56
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

57
Q

Voluntary muscle and enables body movement

A

Skeletal

58
Q

Specialized tissue for the heart

A

Cardiac

59
Q

Is the cardiac muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?

A

Uninucleated

60
Q

contain specialized gap junctions; are important in coordinating the transitions of the cardiac muscle cells

A

Intercalated disks

61
Q

True or false: Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much longer than skeletal muscle cells and are striated, with one nucleus per cell.

A

False - cardiac muscle is shorter than skeletal

62
Q

Forms the walls of hollow organs; non-striated, uninucleated, spindle-shaped

A

Smooth

63
Q

Forms the brain, spinal brain, and nerves; specialized for conduction of electrical impulses

A

nervous

64
Q

sends electrical signals; the functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

65
Q

supports and protects the neurons because they are not regenerative

A

neuroglia

66
Q

contains the nucleus in the neuron and is the site of general cell function

A

Cell body

67
Q

usually receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes

A

dendrites

68
Q

Conduct electrical signals that originate from the base of this part

A

Axon

69
Q

support cells of the nervous system; nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons

A

Glial cells

70
Q

Thin sheets or layers of tissues that cover structure or line cavities

A

Tissue membranes

71
Q

Lines cavities that open to the outside of the body

A

Mucous membranes

72
Q

___ or multicellular mucous glands are the ones that secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

73
Q

Lines cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and covers organs that lie within these cavities

A

Serous membrane

74
Q

Main functions of the serous membrane

A

protect organs from friction, hold them in place, act as a semi-permeable barrier

75
Q

found in between joints to reduce friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint

A

Synovial membrane

76
Q

protects the blood vessels that pass through the bones

A

Periosteum

77
Q

Response of the body from the process of infection

A

Inflammation

78
Q

Five major symptoms of inflammation

A

redness, heat, pain, swelling, and disturbance of functions

79
Q

Chemical mediators during inflammation

A

Histamine and prostaglandins

80
Q

True or false: the chemical mediators during inflammation causes the blood vessels to contract

A

False - it causes blood vessels to dilate

81
Q

Water flowing into the tissue causing it to swell is called?

A

Edema

82
Q

Involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells

A

Tissue repair

83
Q

Two types of tissue repair

A

regeneration and fibrosis

84
Q

new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored

A

regeneration

85
Q

a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function

A

fibrosis

86
Q

Regeneration is usually accomplished by ___. They are self renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.

A

Stem cells

87
Q

The clot contains protein ___ which binds the edges of the wound together. This forms a scab when it dries.

A

fibrin

88
Q

Once epithelium under the clot is regenerated, the clot is replaced with ___.

A

Granulation tissue

89
Q

True or false: after a month, the granulation tissue will be completely healed and the skin would go back to how it normally looks

A

False - the granulation tissue would be converted to a scar

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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