TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES Flashcards
a group of similar cells that functions together to carry out specialized activities
tissues
is the microscopic study of tissue structure
histology
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body)
epithelial
supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues)
connective
includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach
muscle
is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry “messages” to and from various parts of the body
nervous
True or false: epithelial tissue is primarily a cellular tissue, meaning there is little extracellular material between cells
True
Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
Avascular - no blood cells
Where is the epithelial tissue attached to?
Basal membrane
- Fuse cells together tightly so that passing of substances between cells are prevented and so that they don’t separate while performing their functions
Cell junctions/connections
mechanically binds the cells together; contain protein filaments that serve as carrier molecules
Desmosomes
binds cells to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
areas where the membranes of two adjacent cells join together to form a barrier; it regulates the flow of solutes and liquids according to their charge and size
Tight Junction
help the tight junctions anchor the epithelial cells to each other
Adhesion belts
allow for the transfer of low molecular-weight substances, ions, and electrical signals between adjacent cells
Gap Junction
Classification of tissue according to number of layers
Simple and stratified
Classification of tissue according to shape
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
Single layer of flat hexagonal cell; aids in diffusion, filtration, and protection against friction
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of cube-like cells; in charge of secretion and absorption
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of tall, thin cells; that are almost always ciliated. it helps foreign particles to move over the surface
Simpe columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall cells - while some cells reach the free surface, other do not, making it appear stratified
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Where is the pseudostratified columnar epithelium usually found?
respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi)
Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the main functions of the stratified squamous epithelium in the skin?
protection against abrasion. forms a barrier against infection, and reduces water loss
Several layers of cuboidal epithelial cells; absorption, secretion and protection in the sweat gland ducts and ovarian follicular cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
More than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar; deeper layer cells are irregular or cuboidal in shape
Stratified columnar epithelium
Special type of stratified epithelium that can stretch
Transitional epithelium
Most common location of the transitional epithelium
Urinary bladder
A diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. Consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix
Connective
Components of the extracellular matrix
Protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
WBCs capable of ingesting foreign substances
Macrophages
releases chemicals like histamine that promotes inflammation
mast cells
3 types of protein fibers
collagenous, reticular, and elastic
Shapeless background which holds the cells and protein fibers
ground substance
large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides
Proteoglycans
Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network
loose connective tissue
3 types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, and reticular
Has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and dill nearly all of the extracellular space
dense connective tissue
Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix. Provides strength and flexibility
cartilage
Matrix with mostly collagen and a few elastic fibers. Fibers widely separated from one another, loosely intertwined.
Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structure with which it is associated
areolar
Consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipids for energy storage
adipose
True or false: aside from being a storage for energy, adipose tissue can also act as a thermal insulator
True
Network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells that are loosely arranged. Supporting framework of the lymphatic system
Reticular
Matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers which may be arranged in the same direction or in many different directions
Dense collagenous
Has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers. Allows the tissue to stretch and recoil
Dense elastic
Most abundant type of cartilage. Covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
Hyaline
Has more collagen than hyaline cartilage. Flexible and can withstand considerable pressure
Fibrocartilage
Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans. Able to recoil to its original shape when bent
Elastic cartilage
Hard tissue with living cells and mineralized matrix
Bone
has spaces between trabeculae, or plates of the bone and therefore resembles a sponge
Spongy bone
more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix
Compact bone
Liquid matrix, enabling blood cells and platelets, collectively called formed elements to move through blood vessels
Blood
Produces motion by shortening or contracting
Muscle
Muscle tissue is composed of elongated cells called ___ that are highly specialized to generate force
Muscle fibers
3 types of muscle
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Voluntary muscle and enables body movement
Skeletal
Specialized tissue for the heart
Cardiac
Is the cardiac muscle uninucleated or multinucleated?
Uninucleated
contain specialized gap junctions; are important in coordinating the transitions of the cardiac muscle cells
Intercalated disks
True or false: Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much longer than skeletal muscle cells and are striated, with one nucleus per cell.
False - cardiac muscle is shorter than skeletal
Forms the walls of hollow organs; non-striated, uninucleated, spindle-shaped
Smooth
Forms the brain, spinal brain, and nerves; specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
nervous
sends electrical signals; the functional unit of the nervous system
neurons
supports and protects the neurons because they are not regenerative
neuroglia
contains the nucleus in the neuron and is the site of general cell function
Cell body
usually receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes
dendrites
Conduct electrical signals that originate from the base of this part
Axon
support cells of the nervous system; nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons
Glial cells
Thin sheets or layers of tissues that cover structure or line cavities
Tissue membranes
Lines cavities that open to the outside of the body
Mucous membranes
___ or multicellular mucous glands are the ones that secrete mucus
Goblet cells
Lines cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and covers organs that lie within these cavities
Serous membrane
Main functions of the serous membrane
protect organs from friction, hold them in place, act as a semi-permeable barrier
found in between joints to reduce friction and allowing smooth movement within the joint
Synovial membrane
protects the blood vessels that pass through the bones
Periosteum
Response of the body from the process of infection
Inflammation
Five major symptoms of inflammation
redness, heat, pain, swelling, and disturbance of functions
Chemical mediators during inflammation
Histamine and prostaglandins
True or false: the chemical mediators during inflammation causes the blood vessels to contract
False - it causes blood vessels to dilate
Water flowing into the tissue causing it to swell is called?
Edema
Involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells
Tissue repair
Two types of tissue repair
regeneration and fibrosis
new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored
regeneration
a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function
fibrosis
Regeneration is usually accomplished by ___. They are self renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.
Stem cells
The clot contains protein ___ which binds the edges of the wound together. This forms a scab when it dries.
fibrin
Once epithelium under the clot is regenerated, the clot is replaced with ___.
Granulation tissue
True or false: after a month, the granulation tissue will be completely healed and the skin would go back to how it normally looks
False - the granulation tissue would be converted to a scar
