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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

allows important substances to be delivered
to various organs and at the same time it is a way by which the body can collect waste products of metabolism

A

blood

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2
Q

normal range of blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

pale, yellow liquid that surround cells and is the fluid matrix of the blood

A

plasma

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4
Q

percentage of plasma in the blood

A

55%

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5
Q

a blood buffer that helps maintain water balance. it is most abundant in plasma protein (58%)

A

albumin

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6
Q

38% plasma proteins that help the immune system through its clotting factors

A

globulin

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7
Q

also a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins

A

fibrinogen

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8
Q

the liquid or undiluted part of the blood, which lacks clotting factors

A

serum

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9
Q

aside from plasma, what are the other formed elements that makes up 45% of the blood

A

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

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10
Q

process that produces formed elements

A

hematopoiesis

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11
Q

True or false: after birth, hematopoiesis is confined primarily to red bone marrow

A

true

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12
Q

the single populations of cells where all formed elements of the blood is derived

A

hematopoietic stem cells / hemocytoblasts

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13
Q

all the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called

A

myeloid stem cells

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14
Q

gives rise to lymphocytes

A

lymphoid stem cells

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15
Q

disk-shaped with thicker edges than the center; transports O2 to tissues and CO2 to the lungs

A

RBC / erythrocytes

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16
Q

shape of RBC

A

biconcave

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17
Q

average life span of RBCs

A

120 days (males) 110 days (females)

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18
Q

protein pigment of RBC is called

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

True or false: each hemoglobin molecule consists of 2 proteins

A

false - they consist of 4 proteins

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20
Q

a hemoglobin with an O2 attached

A

oxyhemoglobin

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21
Q

stem cells form ___ that gives rise to the red blood cell line

A

proerythroblasts

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22
Q

stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes

A

erythropoietin

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23
Q

production of RBCs that starts in the red bone marrow

A

erythopoiesis

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24
Q

old red blood cells are removed from the blood by

A

macrophages

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25
Q

in the breaking down of hemoglobin:
___ is broken down into amino acids,
___ converted to bilirubin

A

globin, heme

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26
Q

true or false: bilirubin may be excreted in the urine, giving its yellow characteristic color

A

true

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27
Q

spherical in shape; lacks hemoglobin and are larger than erythocytes

A

WBCs / leukocytes

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28
Q

fights infections and removes dead cells and debris

A

WBCs / leukocytes

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29
Q

visible granules in the cytoplasm

A

granulocytes

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30
Q

most common leukocyte with a nucleus that has 2-4 lobes; they function as phagocytes at active sites

A

neutrophils

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31
Q

brick-red cytoplasmic granules that reduce inflammation; its nucleus is often bilobed

A

eosinophils

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32
Q

function if to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks and asthma

A

eosinophils

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33
Q

rarest of the leukocytes with large histamine-containing granules; they promote inflammation and heparin that prevents clot formation

A

basophils

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34
Q

lacks visible cytoplasmic granules with spherical, oval or kidney shaped nuclei

A

agranulocytes

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35
Q

largest of the leukocytes with distinctive u-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus; they play a role in fighting chronic infection

A

monocytes

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36
Q

smallest leukocytes with a round nucleus and cytoplasm that forms a thin ring around the nucleus; they produce antibodies and other chemical responsible for destroying microorganisms

A

lymphocytes

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37
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

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38
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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39
Q

minute fragments of cells, each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane

A

platelets

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40
Q

platelets are produce in the red bone marrow from large cells called

A

megakaryocytes

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41
Q

process of the body to stop bleeding

A

hemostasis

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42
Q

immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts

A

vascular spasm

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43
Q

accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel

A

platelet plug

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44
Q

occurs as platelets stick to exposed
collagen in damaged vessel walls

A

platelet adhesion

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45
Q

platelets release chemicals like ADP and
thromboxane that further activates other platelets

A

platelet release reaction

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46
Q

fibrinogen forms bridges between the fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets; this results in a platelet plug

A

platelet aggregation

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47
Q

formation of a clot is called

A

coagulation

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48
Q

also called thrombus; network of thread-like
proteins that trap blood cells and fluid

A

clot

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49
Q

protein fibers of a clot is called

A

fibrin

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50
Q

after prothrombinase acts on prothrombin, prothrombin is converted into

A

thrombin

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51
Q

used to prevent clot formation

A

anticoagulants

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52
Q

a clot that forms within a blood vessel

A

thrombus

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53
Q

a clot that travels through the blood stream to block another vessel

A

embolus

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54
Q

condensing of clot into a more compact structure

A

clot retraction

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55
Q

as the damaged tissue is repaired, clots are dissolved in a process called

A

fibrinolysis

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56
Q

transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

A

blood transfusion

57
Q

the person who gives blood

A

donor

58
Q

the person who receives blood

A

recipients

59
Q

the introduction of a fluid other than blood such as saline or glucose solution into the blood

A

infusion

60
Q

the clumping of blood cells

A

agglutination

61
Q

the rupture of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

62
Q

molecules found on the surface of RBCs

A

antigens

63
Q

proteins present in the plasma that binds to the antigens

A

antibodies

64
Q

type A blood has type ___ antigens,
type B blood has type ___ antigens

A

A, B

65
Q

True or false: type AB has neither A or B antigens but has A and B antibodies

A

false - it is the other way around

66
Q

type O blood has ___ antigens,
and ___ antibodies

A

neither A or B, A and B

67
Q

type O individuals are considered the universal ___ since they lack both antigens

A

donor

68
Q

type AB individuals are universal ___ due to the presence of both antigens

A

receiver

69
Q

the rarest blood type with less than 1% of the US population having this blood type

A

AB-

70
Q

True or false: when an Rh- mother develops antibodies against her Rh+ baby, it can lead to complications for the baby

A

true

71
Q

disease of the newborn caused by maternal production of anti-Rh antibodies

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

72
Q

agglutination of the fetus’ RBC through this disease can be prevented by administering what?

A

RhoGAM

73
Q

a vital, muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

A

heart

74
Q

a healthy adult heart, at rest, pumps around ___ liters of blood per minute

A

5

75
Q

the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels

A

pulmonary circulation

76
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood to
all other body tissues and back to the right side of the heart through a network of vessels

A

systemic circulation

77
Q

true or false: the heart is approximately the size of a fist weighing less than 1lb

A

true

78
Q

where is the heart positioned?

A

in between the lungs within the thoracic cavity

79
Q

outer layer of the pericardium, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue

A

firbous pericardium

80
Q

inner layer and consists of flat epithelial cells

A

serous pericardium

81
Q

lines the fibrous pericardium

A

pareital pericardium

82
Q

membrane that covers the surface of the heart

A

visceral pericardium / epicardium

83
Q

space around the heart enclosed by the pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

84
Q

list down the pericardium of the heart from most superficial to deep

A

fibrous, parietal, visceral

85
Q

two upper chambers of the heart; the receiving chambers

A

right and left atrium

86
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

A

right atrium

87
Q

received oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

88
Q

separated the right and left atria

A

interatrial septum

89
Q

two lower chambers of the heart; discharging chambers

A

left and right ventricles

90
Q

receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the main pulmonary artery

A

right ventricle

91
Q

true or false: the right atrium forms most of the hearts anterior surface

A

true

92
Q

received blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta

A

left ventricle

93
Q

separated right and left ventricles

A

interventricular septum

94
Q

valves between the atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

95
Q

AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

96
Q

AV valve between left atrium and right atrium

A

bicuspid valve

97
Q

muscles connected to the free edges of the cusps of the AV valves

A

papillary muscles

98
Q

aka “heart strings”, they help hold the valves in place while the heart is pumping blood

A

chordae tendinae

99
Q

valves found in the pulmonary trunk and aorta

A

semilunar valves

100
Q

valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary valve

101
Q

valve between left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic valve

102
Q

acts as electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles and offers a sturdy attachment point for cardiac muscle

A

cardiac skeleton

103
Q

supply blood to the heart wall

A

coronary arteries

104
Q

supplies blood to the anterior heart wall and the left ventricle

A

left coronary artery

105
Q

supplies blood to the right ventricle

A

right coronary artery

106
Q

drain blood from the cardiac msucle and run parallel to the coronary arteries

A

cardiac veins

107
Q

surface of the heart that helps lubricate the outside of the heart

A

epicardium

108
Q

thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle; makes up the walls of heart chambers

A

myocardium

109
Q

smooth inner surface of the heart that covers heart valves and vessels

A

endocardium

110
Q

found in the right atrium where the action potential originates; also known as the pacemaker

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

111
Q

found in the lower portion of the right atrium and receives action potentials from the SA node

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

112
Q

true or false: action potentials spread quickly through the AV node

A

false: they spread slowly

113
Q

tips of the bundle branches that spread to the hearts apex and ventricle walls

A

purkinje fibers

114
Q

it records heart’s electrical activity and diagnoses cardiac issues

A

electrocardiogram (EKG)

115
Q

in EKG, the depolarization of atria is called

A

P wave

116
Q

in EKG, the depolarization of ventricles are called

A

QRS complex

117
Q

in EKG, the repolarization of ventricles are called

A

T wave

118
Q

atrial and ventricular ___ is the contraction of atria and ventricles respectively

A

systole

119
Q

atrial and ventricular ___ is the relaxation of atria and ventricles respectively

A

diastole

120
Q

the first heart sound “lub” occurs when?

A

atrioventricular valves close

121
Q

the second heart sound “dup” arises from the closure of?

A

semilunar valves

122
Q

volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction

A

stroke volume

123
Q

average stroke volume

A

70 mL/beat

124
Q

number of heart beats in a minute

A

heart rate

125
Q

average heart rate

A

72 beats/min

126
Q

volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute

A

cardiac output

127
Q

average cardiac ouput

A

5 liters/min

128
Q

cardiac output formula

A

stroke volume x heart rate

129
Q

refers to mechanisms within the heart controlling cardiac output

A

intrinsic regulation

130
Q

the blood volume returning to the heart

A

venous return

131
Q

the degree in which ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole

A

preload

132
Q

describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume, impacting cardiac output

A

starling’s law of the heart

133
Q

pressure against which ventricles must pump blood

A

after load

134
Q

refers to mechanisms external to the heart, such as either nervous or chemical regulation

A

extrinsic regulation

135
Q

true or false: the nervous system does not have any influence to the heart

A

false - nervous system control of the heart occurs through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

136
Q

regulates heart function by monitoring blood pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries, it detects changes in blood pressure and changes in action potentials

A

baroreceptor reflex

137
Q

chemical regulation of heart function

A

chemoreceptor reflex

138
Q

true or false: epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla can enhance heart rate and stroke volume

A

true

139
Q

part of the CNS that contains chemoreceptors
for monitoring changes in pH and CO2 levels

A

medulla oblongata

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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