CELLS Flashcards
1
Q
Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes organelles such as the nucleus.
A
Cells
2
Q
Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary
between the material inside the cell and material outside it.
A
Plasma membrane
3
Q
Plasma membrane consists of 2 ___ layers aranged tail to tail
A
phospholipid (fat)
4
Q
True or false: the plasma membrane plays a role in communication between cells
A
True
5
Q
Contains phosphorus and form a double layer
of molecules in the plasma membrane
A
Phospholipids
6
Q
Are phospholipds polar or non-polar?
A
Polar - water loving
7
Q
Substances that float among the phospholipid molecules
A
Proteins
8
Q
A waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by
lipoproteins and gives added strength and stability by limiting the movement of phospholipids.
A
Cholesterol
9
Q
Type of carbohydrate that acts as
surface receptors and stabilize the membrane and are common in brain cells and nerves.
A
Glycolipids
10
Q
completely penetrate or extend into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal of specific molecules.
A
Integral proteins
11
Q
loosely attached to the exterior surface of the membrane; have various functions.
A
Peripheral proteins
12
Q
Largest organelle
A
Nucleus
13
Q
The nucleus is bounded by a ___ consisting of a
double membrane which surrounds the nucleus and
separates its fluid content.
A
Nuclear envelope
14
Q
formed by the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus.
A
Nuclear pores
15
Q
forms ribosome subunits.
A
Nucleoli
16
Q
Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
Two components of the cytoplasm
A
cytosol and organelles
18
Q
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles
A
Cytosol
19
Q
Consist of protein structure that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape
A
Cytoskeleton
20
Q
Components of the cytoskeleton
A
Microfilaments, intermediate fillaments, microtubules
21
Q
Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm
A
Microfilaments
22
Q
Provide mechanical support to the cell
A
Intermediate filaments
23
Q
Assist in cell division and the formation of essential components of certain organelles such as cilia and flagella.
A
Microtubules
24
Q
Internal structures that perform functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism
A
organelles
25
Made of microtubules and facilitate chromosome
movement during cell division.
Centrioles
26
Moves substances over the surface of the cell. Numerous in the respiratory tract
Cilia
27
Whiplike locomotor organelle much longer than cilia and propel the whole cell
Flagella
28
Minute finger-shaped projections of the cell
membrane and abundant on the surface that line the intestine, kidneys and other areas in which absorption is an important function
Microvilli
29
Network of folded membranes connected to the membranous nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in membranes
Rough ER
31
No ribosomes attached. Involved in calcium regulation, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
Smooth ER
32
Sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
33
scattered throughout the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in cytosol
Free ribosomes
34
attached to the ER and proteins where they are modified and packaged for export
Fixed ribosomes
35
Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.
Golgi apparatus
36
Another name for golgi apparatus
Golgi complex
37
Where is golgi apparatus highly developed?
cells that secrete protein like the salivary glands or the pancreas.
38
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
39
What do you call the inner folds of the mitochondria?
Cristae
40
Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or stores materials within cells
Vesicles
41
Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular
digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
42
Where are lysosomes formed?
Golgi apparatus
43
True or false: Lysosomes remove healthy organelles and pathogens within the cell
False - they remove damaged organelles
44
Contain enzymes oxidases that can oxidize various organic substances. Can break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
45
Where are peroxisomes abundant?
Cells active in detoxification like the liver and kidneys
46
Tunnel-like structures, similar to channel protein, and not bounded by membranes. Contain enzymes (proteases) that cut proteins into small peptides
Proteasomes
47
6 Functions of the cell (GO KAYA MO YAN)
- energy use/metabolism
- synthesis of new molecules
- communication
- reproduction
- protection and support
- movement
48
Cell membranes are ___ permeable, meaning that they allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.
Selectively
49
Inside or outside the cell: Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium (K+)
Inside
50
Inside or outside the cell: Sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-)
Outside
51
The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution
Concentration
52
difference in concentration between two different areas
Concentration gradient
53
4 ways molecules can pass through the cell
- diffusion
- membrane channels
- carrier molecules
- vesicles
54
Type of transport that does NOT require energy, as the substance moves across the concentration gradient. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration
Passive transport
55
Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution
Diffusion
56
True or false: Diffusion results from the natural, constant random motion of all solutes in a solution
True - REMEMBER! natural and random = diffusion
57
A form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins
Simple diffusion
58
What is the energy that fuels simple diffusion?
Kinetic energy
59
Is a mediated transport process, involving membrane proteins such as channels or carrier proteins, to move substance across the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
60
completely spans the membrane, and allows certain molecules or ions to diffuse across the membrane.
Transport protein
61
a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly
Channel protein
62
is a transport protein that opens a "gate," allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane
Gated channel protein
63
"carry" the ion or molecule across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule
Carrier protein
64
True or false: Non-lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the cell membrane.
False - Non-lipid soluble molecules diffuse through membrane channels, while lipid-soluble ones diffuse directly through the membrane
65
Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration.
Osmosis
66
is the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
67
True or false: The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater is its osmotic pressure and the greater the tendency for water to move into the solution
True
68
refers to the pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts
Hydrostatic pressure
69
concentration of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane
Isotonic solution
70
Result of isotonic solution
No reaction
71
has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.
Hypotonic
72
Result of hypotonic solution
Lysis - cells swells enough and ruptures
73
has a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.
Hypertonic
74
Result of hypertonic solution
Crenation - shrinkage of the cell
75
movement of fluid through partitions containing small holes.
Filtration
76
In which part of the body does filtration usually occur?
across the wall of small blood vessels - pushing water and dissolved nutrients into the tissues of the body
77
is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient
Active transport
78
Active Transport requires energy in the form of ___
ATP
79
involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second substance across the membrane.
Secondary active transport
80
the diffusing substance moves into the same direction as the transported substance.
Contransport
81
the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance.
Countertransport
82
this transportation mechanism primarily relies on specialized membrane-bound sacs.
Vesicular transport
83
involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
84
ingestion and digestion by cells of substances, such as other cells, bacteria, cell debris, and foreign particles.
Phagocytosis
85
is distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller vesicles are formed and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.
Pinocytosis
86
is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
87
is the release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane
Exocytosis
88
process of creating protein molecules.
Protein synthesis
89
sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a
protein.
Condons
90
During this process, information is stored in a region of the DNA is used to produce complementary RNA molecules called mRNA
Transcription
91
Is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA; occurs at ribosomes
Translation
92
covalent chemical bond between adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Peptide bond
93
a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence.
Anticodon
94
is a sequence of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide chain
95
a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
Cell cycle
96
Longer phase of cell cycle, with high metabolic activity, and where DNA replication happens
Interphase
97
is the formation of daughter cells from single parent cells
Cell division
98
- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- Centrioles move to the opposite ends
- Spindle fibers extend between the centriole pairs - - Nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear
Prophase
99
- all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes
- chromatids alignment along the equator of the cell called the equatorial plane.
Metaphase
100
The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart.
Anaphase
101
- nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form
- mitotic spindle breaks up
- cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells
Telophase
102
- Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
- Formation of cleavage furrow
- Completion of cytokinesis marks the end of cell
division.
Cytokinesis
