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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes organelles such as the nucleus.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary
between the material inside the cell and material outside it.

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Plasma membrane consists of 2 ___ layers aranged tail to tail

A

phospholipid (fat)

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4
Q

True or false: the plasma membrane plays a role in communication between cells

A

True

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5
Q

Contains phosphorus and form a double layer
of molecules in the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids

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6
Q

Are phospholipds polar or non-polar?

A

Polar - water loving

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7
Q

Substances that float among the phospholipid molecules

A

Proteins

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8
Q

A waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by
lipoproteins and gives added strength and stability by limiting the movement of phospholipids.

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Type of carbohydrate that acts as
surface receptors and stabilize the membrane and are common in brain cells and nerves.

A

Glycolipids

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10
Q

completely penetrate or extend into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal of specific molecules.

A

Integral proteins

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11
Q

loosely attached to the exterior surface of the membrane; have various functions.

A

Peripheral proteins

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12
Q

Largest organelle

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

The nucleus is bounded by a ___ consisting of a
double membrane which surrounds the nucleus and
separates its fluid content.

A

Nuclear envelope

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14
Q

formed by the inner and outer membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores

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15
Q

forms ribosome subunits.

A

Nucleoli

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16
Q

Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Two components of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

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18
Q

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

Consist of protein structure that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, intermediate fillaments, microtubules

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21
Q

Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm

A

Microfilaments

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22
Q

Provide mechanical support to the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

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23
Q

Assist in cell division and the formation of essential components of certain organelles such as cilia and flagella.

A

Microtubules

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24
Q

Internal structures that perform functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism

A

organelles

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25
Q

Made of microtubules and facilitate chromosome
movement during cell division.

A

Centrioles

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26
Q

Moves substances over the surface of the cell. Numerous in the respiratory tract

A

Cilia

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27
Q

Whiplike locomotor organelle much longer than cilia and propel the whole cell

A

Flagella

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28
Q

Minute finger-shaped projections of the cell
membrane and abundant on the surface that line the intestine, kidneys and other areas in which absorption is an important function

A

Microvilli

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29
Q

Network of folded membranes connected to the membranous nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in membranes

A

Rough ER

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31
Q

No ribosomes attached. Involved in calcium regulation, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.

A

Smooth ER

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32
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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33
Q

scattered throughout the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in cytosol

A

Free ribosomes

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34
Q

attached to the ER and proteins where they are modified and packaged for export

A

Fixed ribosomes

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35
Q

Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.

A

Golgi apparatus

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36
Q

Another name for golgi apparatus

A

Golgi complex

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37
Q

Where is golgi apparatus highly developed?

A

cells that secrete protein like the salivary glands or the pancreas.

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38
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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39
Q

What do you call the inner folds of the mitochondria?

A

Cristae

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40
Q

Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or stores materials within cells

A

Vesicles

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41
Q

Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular
digestive enzymes

42
Q

Where are lysosomes formed?

A

Golgi apparatus

43
Q

True or false: Lysosomes remove healthy organelles and pathogens within the cell

A

False - they remove damaged organelles

44
Q

Contain enzymes oxidases that can oxidize various organic substances. Can break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

45
Q

Where are peroxisomes abundant?

A

Cells active in detoxification like the liver and kidneys

46
Q

Tunnel-like structures, similar to channel protein, and not bounded by membranes. Contain enzymes (proteases) that cut proteins into small peptides

A

Proteasomes

47
Q

6 Functions of the cell (GO KAYA MO YAN)

A
  • energy use/metabolism
  • synthesis of new molecules
  • communication
  • reproduction
  • protection and support
  • movement
48
Q

Cell membranes are ___ permeable, meaning that they allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.

A

Selectively

49
Q

Inside or outside the cell: Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium (K+)

50
Q

Inside or outside the cell: Sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-)

51
Q

The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution

A

Concentration

52
Q

difference in concentration between two different areas

A

Concentration gradient

53
Q

4 ways molecules can pass through the cell

A
  • diffusion
  • membrane channels
  • carrier molecules
  • vesicles
54
Q

Type of transport that does NOT require energy, as the substance moves across the concentration gradient. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration

A

Passive transport

55
Q

Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution

56
Q

True or false: Diffusion results from the natural, constant random motion of all solutes in a solution

A

True - REMEMBER! natural and random = diffusion

57
Q

A form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins

A

Simple diffusion

58
Q

What is the energy that fuels simple diffusion?

A

Kinetic energy

59
Q

Is a mediated transport process, involving membrane proteins such as channels or carrier proteins, to move substance across the cell membrane.

A

Facilitated diffusion

60
Q

completely spans the membrane, and allows certain molecules or ions to diffuse across the membrane.

A

Transport protein

61
Q

a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly

A

Channel protein

62
Q

is a transport protein that opens a “gate,” allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane

A

Gated channel protein

63
Q

“carry” the ion or molecule across the membrane by changing shape after the binding of the ion or molecule

A

Carrier protein

64
Q

True or false: Non-lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the cell membrane.

A

False - Non-lipid soluble molecules diffuse through membrane channels, while lipid-soluble ones diffuse directly through the membrane

65
Q

Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration.

66
Q

is the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic Pressure

67
Q

True or false: The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater is its osmotic pressure and the greater the tendency for water to move into the solution

68
Q

refers to the pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts

A

Hydrostatic pressure

69
Q

concentration of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane

A

Isotonic solution

70
Q

Result of isotonic solution

A

No reaction

71
Q

has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.

72
Q

Result of hypotonic solution

A

Lysis - cells swells enough and ruptures

73
Q

has a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

Hypertonic

74
Q

Result of hypertonic solution

A

Crenation - shrinkage of the cell

75
Q

movement of fluid through partitions containing small holes.

A

Filtration

76
Q

In which part of the body does filtration usually occur?

A

across the wall of small blood vessels - pushing water and dissolved nutrients into the tissues of the body

77
Q

is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

78
Q

Active Transport requires energy in the form of ___

79
Q

involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second substance across the membrane.

A

Secondary active transport

80
Q

the diffusing substance moves into the same direction as the transported substance.

A

Contransport

81
Q

the diffusing substance moves in a direction opposite to that of the transported substance.

A

Countertransport

82
Q

this transportation mechanism primarily relies on specialized membrane-bound sacs.

A

Vesicular transport

83
Q

involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane.

A

Endocytosis

84
Q

ingestion and digestion by cells of substances, such as other cells, bacteria, cell debris, and foreign particles.

A

Phagocytosis

85
Q

is distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller vesicles are formed and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.

A

Pinocytosis

86
Q

is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

87
Q

is the release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

88
Q

process of creating protein molecules.

A

Protein synthesis

89
Q

sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a
protein.

90
Q

During this process, information is stored in a region of the DNA is used to produce complementary RNA molecules called mRNA

A

Transcription

91
Q

Is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA; occurs at ribosomes

A

Translation

92
Q

covalent chemical bond between adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

Peptide bond

93
Q

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence.

94
Q

is a sequence of amino acids covalently linked by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide chain

95
Q

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

A

Cell cycle

96
Q

Longer phase of cell cycle, with high metabolic activity, and where DNA replication happens

A

Interphase

97
Q

is the formation of daughter cells from single parent cells

A

Cell division

98
Q
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Centrioles move to the opposite ends
  • Spindle fibers extend between the centriole pairs - - Nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear
99
Q
  • all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes
  • chromatids alignment along the equator of the cell called the equatorial plane.
100
Q

The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart.

101
Q
  • nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form
  • mitotic spindle breaks up
  • cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells
102
Q
  • Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
  • Formation of cleavage furrow
  • Completion of cytokinesis marks the end of cell
    division.
A

Cytokinesis

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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