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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

thought to be the framework of the body

A

Skeletal system

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2
Q

The Skeletal System makes up ___% of the body weight.

A

20

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3
Q

are suited for bearing weight and are the major supporting tissue of the body.

A

Rigid, strong bones

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4
Q

provides firm yet flexible support within certain structures

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together

A

Ligaments

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6
Q

encloses and protects the brain

A

skull

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7
Q

surrounds and protects the spinal cord

A

vertebrae

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8
Q

protects the heart, lungs, and other organs in the thorax

A

rib cage

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9
Q

are strong bands of connective tissue which attach bones to the skeletal muscles to provide movement through contraction

A

Tendons

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10
Q

are formed when two or more bones come together.

A

Joints

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11
Q

___ and ___ are the principal minerals stored in the bone and are essential for many physiological activities.

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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12
Q

are released into the blood when needed and used by other tissues

A

Lipids

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13
Q

produces red blood cells and platelets and fill the bone cavities of many bones

A

Red bone marrow

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14
Q

Organic materials of the bone matrix

A

collagen and proteoglycans

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15
Q

Water-trapping protein molecules that help cartilage be smooth and resilient.

A

Proteoglycans

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16
Q

Provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression. Essential for the attachment functions of tendons and ligaments and shock-absorption of the cartilage.

A

Collagen

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17
Q

Component of the inorganic material of the bone matrix

A

Hydroxyapatite

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18
Q

True or false: the bone becomes brittle if the amount of collagen is reduced.

A

True

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19
Q

is a rare disorder caused by one of the many number of faulty genes that results in little collagen formation and poor quality collagen

A

Brittle Bone Disease

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20
Q

3 type of bone cells

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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21
Q

Are stem cells which are undifferentiated cells that form into cells suited for specific functions

A

Osteoprogenitor

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22
Q

Bone building cells for bone formation, repair, and remodeling

A

Osteoblasts

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23
Q

True or false: osteocytes synthesize collagen and proteoglycans

A

False - Osteoblasts produces collagen and proteoglycans

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24
Q

Osteoblasts also form ___ which act as templates for hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization of the matrix.

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

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25
Q

The formation of new bone by osteoblasts

A

Ossification

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26
Q

Account for 90-95% of bone cells and have a lifespan of 25 years; Produces the components needed to maintain the bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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27
Q

houses the osteocyte cell bodies within the bone matrix

A

Lacunae

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28
Q

are narrow, long spaces housing the osteocyte cell extensions

A

Canaliculi

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29
Q

Bone destroying cells that break down bone

A

Osteoclasts

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30
Q

True or false: osteoclasts carry out bone reabsorption which is important in mobilizing crucial Ca2+ and phosphate ions for the use in metabolic processes.

A

True

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31
Q

are the mature bones which are organized into thin, concentric sheets called lamellae.

A

Lamellar Bones

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32
Q

Appears porous and has less bone matrix

A

Spongy bone

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33
Q

True or false: The spaces in between the spongy bone are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels

A

True

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34
Q

The solid, outer layer surrounding each bone

A

Compact bone

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35
Q

The ___ or the haversian system is the primary functional unit of the compact bone

A

Osteon

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36
Q

lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

A

Central canals

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37
Q

Nutrients in the blood vessels are delivered to the ___ and are passed from cell to cell through the canaliculi

A

Osteocytes

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38
Q

At both ends of this part, growth in length of bones of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg occurs

A

Diaphysis

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39
Q

The hollow center of the bone is surrounded by compact bone tissue.

A

Medullary Cavity

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40
Q

The ends of a long bone composed of mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.

A

Epiphyses

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41
Q

Covers the end of long bones within joints

A

Articular Cartilage

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42
Q

The growth plate exists between the epiphysis and diaphysis where growth in bone length occurs.

A

Epiphyseal Plate

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43
Q

Signals the stop in growth of length in bones when it ossifies.

A

Epiphyseal Line

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44
Q

Site of red blood cell formation and fills the cavities of spongy bone and medullary cavity, especially in fetuses.

A

Red Bone Marrow

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45
Q

Bone with the largest distribution of red bone marrow

A

Hip bone

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46
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Yellow Bone Marrow

47
Q

True or false: Yellow bone marrow completely replaces the red bone marrow in long bones except for the proximal part of arm and thigh bones

A

True

48
Q

Connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone.

A

Periosteum

49
Q

Single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavities and smaller cavities of spongy and compact bone. Includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

Endosteum

50
Q

Two processes of bone formation

A

Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification

51
Q

Starts within the embryonic connective tissue membranes; Forms many skull bones, part of the mandible (lower jaw), and diaphyses of clavicles (collarbones).

A

Intramembranous ossification

52
Q

locations in membranes where intramembranous ossification begins.

A

centers of ossification

53
Q

soft spots that are larger, membrane-covered spaces that have not yet ossified.

A

Fontanels

54
Q

All fontanels are closed by ___ years of age

A

2

55
Q

Ossifies the cartilage at the 8th week of embryonic development. Develops the bones of the base of the skull, part of the mandible, the epiphyses of the clavicles, and most of the remaining skeletal system.

A

Echochondral ossification

56
Q

Processes in intramembranous ossification

A

osteoblast activity, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation

57
Q

Processes in the echochondral ossification

A

cartilage model formation, bone collar formation, primary ossification, secondary ossification, and adult bone

58
Q

chondrocytes produce the hyaline cartilage model that has the approximate shape of future bone

A

Cartilage Model Formation

59
Q

osteoblasts produce compact bone on the surface of the cartilage model.

A

Bone Collar Formation

60
Q

osteoblasts begin to produce bone as they migrate into the calcified cartilage through the blood vessels and transform it into the diaphysis of spongy bone

A

Primary Ossification

61
Q

osteoblasts migrate to the epiphysis and continue to form bone to replace the cartilage, except in the epiphyseal plate and articular surfaces.

A

Secondary Ossification Center Formation

62
Q

spongy and compact bone are fully developed and the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line

A

Adult Bone

63
Q

a process where the osteoblasts form a new layer of bone on the surface of old bone.

A

Appositional growth

64
Q

Growth in long bones occurs in the ___ which separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis.

A

Epiphyseal plate

65
Q

Contains slowly dividing chondrocytes

A

Zone of Resting Cartilage

66
Q

Chondrocytes produce new cartilage by dividing and forming columns

A

Zone of Proliferation

67
Q

Chondrocytes mature and enlarge

A

Zone of Hypertrophy

68
Q

Very thin and contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. They eventually die and blood vessels from the diaphysis grow into the area.

A

Zone of Calcification

69
Q

Osteoblasts line up on the surface of the calcified cartilage and produce a new bone matrix, which is later remodeled.

A

Ossified Bone

70
Q

The closure of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line occurs between ___ to ___ years of age, depending on the bone and individual

A

12 to 25

71
Q

Process where old bone is replaced with new bone

A

Bone remodeling

72
Q

Bone remodeling - ___ remove old bone and ___ deposit new bone

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

73
Q

localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined in an organ or a space

A

Hematoma

74
Q

mass of bone tissue formed on the fracture site

A

Callus

75
Q

Precursor to healed tissue that replaces a clot

A

Granulation Tissue

76
Q

mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels

A

calcium homeostasis

77
Q

Critical physiological regulator of many processes to achieve and maintain homeostasis

A

Calcium

78
Q

The process of removal of minerals and collagen fibers from the bone matrix in order to be distributed by the blood.

A

Bone Resorption

79
Q

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers back into the bone

A

Bone Deposition

80
Q

3 regulators of calcium homeostasis

A

parathyroid, calcitriol, and calcitonin

81
Q

Secreted by cells in the parathyroid gland. Essential for the maintenance of blood calcium levels within homeostatic limits

A

Parathyroid hormone

82
Q

True or false: PTH hormone exerts direct regulatory control of bone cells, especially osteoclasts which are the primary cells for bone-reabsorption

A

True

83
Q

___ stimulates the reabsorption of calcium from urine which reduces the amount excreted

A

Parathyroid hormone

84
Q

Increases blood Ca2+ levels and is primarily found in the kidney where calcitriol activation occurs

A

Calcitriol

85
Q

Increases osteoclast activity and assists PTH in the kidney tubules to prevent Ca2+ removal in the urine

A

Calcitrol

86
Q

Inhibits osteoclast formation and activities thus lowering blood calcium levels and decreasing bone-reabsorption

A

Calcitonin

87
Q

The average adult has ___ bones.

A

206

88
Q

True or false: newborn fetuses have over 400 bones that will fuse later on in life

A

False: babies initially have 300 bones

89
Q

4 categories of bone based on shape

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

90
Q

Longer than they are wide, they provide movement in the appendages

A

Long bones

91
Q

Approximately as wide as they are long, they transfer force between long bones.

A

Short bones

92
Q

Relatively thin and flattened, they provide a strong barrier around organs

A

Flat bones

93
Q

Have shapes that do not fit into the three categories and have specialized functions such as protection and allowing bending and flexing

A

Irregular Bones

94
Q

Main portion of the bone

A

Body/Shaft

95
Q

Enlarged (often rounded) end of the bone

A

Head

96
Q

Constricted area between head and body

A

neck

97
Q

a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone

A

condyle

98
Q

flat smooth area of the bone which serves as an articular surface

A

facet

99
Q

Arm-like bar

A

ramus

100
Q

prominent, raised edges of a bone

A

Crest

101
Q

Sharp, slender, and pointed area of a bone

A

Spine

102
Q

a bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone

A

Process

103
Q

protrusion or eminence that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles

A

tubercle/tuberosity

104
Q

Large tuberosity in the proximal femur

A

Trochanter

105
Q

Enlargement near or above the condyle

A

epicondyle

106
Q

Narrow ridge that is less prominent

A

Line

107
Q

hole in a bone

A

Foramen

108
Q

opening or canal in a bony structure

A

Meatus

109
Q

Cleft, narrow, and slit-like

A

Fissure

110
Q

a depression in a bone which often, but not always, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone

A

Notch

111
Q

a furrow or long shallow depression

A

groove

112
Q

air-filled cavities in the skull and face bones around the nose

A

sinus

113
Q

a depression or hollow usually in between 2 condyles

A

Fossa

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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