SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
thought to be the framework of the body
A
Skeletal system
2
Q
The Skeletal System makes up ___% of the body weight.
A
20
3
Q
are suited for bearing weight and are the major supporting tissue of the body.
A
Rigid, strong bones
4
Q
provides firm yet flexible support within certain structures
A
Cartilage
5
Q
are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together
A
Ligaments
6
Q
encloses and protects the brain
A
skull
7
Q
surrounds and protects the spinal cord
A
vertebrae
8
Q
protects the heart, lungs, and other organs in the thorax
A
rib cage
9
Q
are strong bands of connective tissue which attach bones to the skeletal muscles to provide movement through contraction
A
Tendons
10
Q
are formed when two or more bones come together.
A
Joints
11
Q
___ and ___ are the principal minerals stored in the bone and are essential for many physiological activities.
A
Calcium and phosphorus
12
Q
are released into the blood when needed and used by other tissues
A
Lipids
13
Q
produces red blood cells and platelets and fill the bone cavities of many bones
A
Red bone marrow
14
Q
Organic materials of the bone matrix
A
collagen and proteoglycans
15
Q
Water-trapping protein molecules that help cartilage be smooth and resilient.
A
Proteoglycans
16
Q
Provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression. Essential for the attachment functions of tendons and ligaments and shock-absorption of the cartilage.
A
Collagen
17
Q
Component of the inorganic material of the bone matrix
A
Hydroxyapatite
18
Q
True or false: the bone becomes brittle if the amount of collagen is reduced.
A
True
19
Q
is a rare disorder caused by one of the many number of faulty genes that results in little collagen formation and poor quality collagen
A
Brittle Bone Disease
20
Q
3 type of bone cells
A
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
21
Q
Are stem cells which are undifferentiated cells that form into cells suited for specific functions
A
Osteoprogenitor
22
Q
Bone building cells for bone formation, repair, and remodeling
A
Osteoblasts
23
Q
True or false: osteocytes synthesize collagen and proteoglycans
A
False - Osteoblasts produces collagen and proteoglycans
24
Q
Osteoblasts also form ___ which act as templates for hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization of the matrix.
A
hydroxyapatite crystals
25
The formation of new bone by osteoblasts
Ossification
26
Account for 90-95% of bone cells and have a lifespan of 25 years; Produces the components needed to maintain the bone matrix
Osteocytes
27
houses the osteocyte cell bodies within the bone matrix
Lacunae
28
are narrow, long spaces housing the osteocyte cell extensions
Canaliculi
29
Bone destroying cells that break down bone
Osteoclasts
30
True or false: osteoclasts carry out bone reabsorption which is important in mobilizing crucial Ca2+ and phosphate ions for the use in metabolic processes.
True
31
are the mature bones which are organized into thin, concentric sheets called lamellae.
Lamellar Bones
32
Appears porous and has less bone matrix
Spongy bone
33
True or false: The spaces in between the spongy bone are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels
True
34
The solid, outer layer surrounding each bone
Compact bone
35
The ___ or the haversian system is the primary functional unit of the compact bone
Osteon
36
lined with endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue
Central canals
37
Nutrients in the blood vessels are delivered to the ___ and are passed from cell to cell through the canaliculi
Osteocytes
38
At both ends of this part, growth in length of bones of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg occurs
Diaphysis
39
The hollow center of the bone is surrounded by compact bone tissue.
Medullary Cavity
40
The ends of a long bone composed of mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.
Epiphyses
41
Covers the end of long bones within joints
Articular Cartilage
42
The growth plate exists between the epiphysis and diaphysis where growth in bone length occurs.
Epiphyseal Plate
43
Signals the stop in growth of length in bones when it ossifies.
Epiphyseal Line
44
Site of red blood cell formation and fills the cavities of spongy bone and medullary cavity, especially in fetuses.
Red Bone Marrow
45
Bone with the largest distribution of red bone marrow
Hip bone
46
Red Bone Marrow
Yellow Bone Marrow
47
True or false: Yellow bone marrow completely replaces the red bone marrow in long bones except for the proximal part of arm and thigh bones
True
48
Connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone.
Periosteum
49
Single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavities and smaller cavities of spongy and compact bone. Includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Endosteum
50
Two processes of bone formation
Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification
51
Starts within the embryonic connective tissue membranes; Forms many skull bones, part of the mandible (lower jaw), and diaphyses of clavicles (collarbones).
Intramembranous ossification
52
locations in membranes where intramembranous ossification begins.
centers of ossification
53
soft spots that are larger, membrane-covered spaces that have not yet ossified.
Fontanels
54
All fontanels are closed by ___ years of age
2
55
Ossifies the cartilage at the 8th week of embryonic development. Develops the bones of the base of the skull, part of the mandible, the epiphyses of the clavicles, and most of the remaining skeletal system.
Echochondral ossification
56
Processes in intramembranous ossification
osteoblast activity, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation
57
Processes in the echochondral ossification
cartilage model formation, bone collar formation, primary ossification, secondary ossification, and adult bone
58
chondrocytes produce the hyaline cartilage model that has the approximate shape of future bone
Cartilage Model Formation
59
osteoblasts produce compact bone on the surface of the cartilage model.
Bone Collar Formation
60
osteoblasts begin to produce bone as they migrate into the calcified cartilage through the blood vessels and transform it into the diaphysis of spongy bone
Primary Ossification
61
osteoblasts migrate to the epiphysis and continue to form bone to replace the cartilage, except in the epiphyseal plate and articular surfaces.
Secondary Ossification Center Formation
62
spongy and compact bone are fully developed and the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line
Adult Bone
63
a process where the osteoblasts form a new layer of bone on the surface of old bone.
Appositional growth
64
Growth in long bones occurs in the ___ which separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis.
Epiphyseal plate
65
Contains slowly dividing chondrocytes
Zone of Resting Cartilage
66
Chondrocytes produce new cartilage by dividing and forming columns
Zone of Proliferation
67
Chondrocytes mature and enlarge
Zone of Hypertrophy
68
Very thin and contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. They eventually die and blood vessels from the diaphysis grow into the area.
Zone of Calcification
69
Osteoblasts line up on the surface of the calcified cartilage and produce a new bone matrix, which is later remodeled.
Ossified Bone
70
The closure of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line occurs between ___ to ___ years of age, depending on the bone and individual
12 to 25
71
Process where old bone is replaced with new bone
Bone remodeling
72
Bone remodeling - ___ remove old bone and ___ deposit new bone
osteoclasts, osteoblasts
73
localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined in an organ or a space
Hematoma
74
mass of bone tissue formed on the fracture site
Callus
75
Precursor to healed tissue that replaces a clot
Granulation Tissue
76
mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels
calcium homeostasis
77
Critical physiological regulator of many processes to achieve and maintain homeostasis
Calcium
78
The process of removal of minerals and collagen fibers from the bone matrix in order to be distributed by the blood.
Bone Resorption
79
Addition of minerals and collagen fibers back into the bone
Bone Deposition
80
3 regulators of calcium homeostasis
parathyroid, calcitriol, and calcitonin
81
Secreted by cells in the parathyroid gland. Essential for the maintenance of blood calcium levels within homeostatic limits
Parathyroid hormone
82
True or false: PTH hormone exerts direct regulatory control of bone cells, especially osteoclasts which are the primary cells for bone-reabsorption
True
83
___ stimulates the reabsorption of calcium from urine which reduces the amount excreted
Parathyroid hormone
84
Increases blood Ca2+ levels and is primarily found in the kidney where calcitriol activation occurs
Calcitriol
85
Increases osteoclast activity and assists PTH in the kidney tubules to prevent Ca2+ removal in the urine
Calcitrol
86
Inhibits osteoclast formation and activities thus lowering blood calcium levels and decreasing bone-reabsorption
Calcitonin
87
The average adult has ___ bones.
206
88
True or false: newborn fetuses have over 400 bones that will fuse later on in life
False: babies initially have 300 bones
89
4 categories of bone based on shape
Long, short, flat, irregular
90
Longer than they are wide, they provide movement in the appendages
Long bones
91
Approximately as wide as they are long, they transfer force between long bones.
Short bones
92
Relatively thin and flattened, they provide a strong barrier around organs
Flat bones
93
Have shapes that do not fit into the three categories and have specialized functions such as protection and allowing bending and flexing
Irregular Bones
94
Main portion of the bone
Body/Shaft
95
Enlarged (often rounded) end of the bone
Head
96
Constricted area between head and body
neck
97
a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone
condyle
98
flat smooth area of the bone which serves as an articular surface
facet
99
Arm-like bar
ramus
100
prominent, raised edges of a bone
Crest
101
Sharp, slender, and pointed area of a bone
Spine
102
a bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone
Process
103
protrusion or eminence that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles
tubercle/tuberosity
104
Large tuberosity in the proximal femur
Trochanter
105
Enlargement near or above the condyle
epicondyle
106
Narrow ridge that is less prominent
Line
107
hole in a bone
Foramen
108
opening or canal in a bony structure
Meatus
109
Cleft, narrow, and slit-like
Fissure
110
a depression in a bone which often, but not always, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone
Notch
111
a furrow or long shallow depression
groove
112
air-filled cavities in the skull and face bones around the nose
sinus
113
a depression or hollow usually in between 2 condyles
Fossa
