INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards by michaela gail

What are the two layers of the skin?

epidermis and dermis

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True or false: the dermis is 10-20 times thicker than the epidermis

True

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___ provides protection, ___ provides structural strength

epidermis, dermis

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The skin rests on the ___ tissue; a layer of connective tissue

subcutaneous

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What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

Stratified squamous epithelium

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the cells change shape and chemical composition; it becomes filled with the protein keratin which makes them more rigid and durable

Keratinization

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Enumerate the strata of the epidermis from most superficial to deep

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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Consists of cuboidal or columnar cells; Undergoes mitotic division every 19 days

Stratum Basale

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Has a flattened appearance; Accumulates lipid filled vesicles called lamellar bodies

Stratum Spinosum

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Flat and diamond shaped; The cells accumulate more keratin and release the content of the lamellar bodies to the extracellular space

Stratum Granulosum

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Thin, clear zone; The cells of this layer no longer have nuclei or organelles making cells stain more lightly

Stratum Lucidum

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Skin that has all five layers of the epidermis

Thick skin

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Skin that lacks the stratum lucidum

Thin skin

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Most superficial layer; Consists of 25 or more layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin joined by desmosomes

Stratum Corneum

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sloughed cells from the surface of the scalp

Dandruff

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formed when the layers of stratum corneum increases when subjected to friction

Callus

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a cone-shaped structure that can form in body areas due to layering

Corn

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What type of tissue is the dermis made of?

Dense collagenous connective tissue

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___ and ___ are responsible for the strength of the dermis

Collagen and elastic fibers

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orientation of collagen fibers in different directions; the skin is most resistant to stretch along these lines

Cleavage lines

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damage in the dermis caused by overstretching

Stretch marks

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projections on the upper part of the dermis; supplies nutrients to the dermis

Dermal papillae

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patterns that shape the overlying epidermis

Friction ridges

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delivers material to the blood slowly; administered by inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis

Intradermal injection

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pinching the skin to form a tent and inserting a short needle into the adipose tissue

Subcutaneous injection

delivers material to the blood faster the intradermal or subcutaneous; inserting a long needle at a 90 degree angle into a muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue

Intramuscular injection

True or false: the thickness of the stratum corneum is one of the factors that determine skin color

True

group of pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye color; also provides protection against UV light from the sun

Melanin

produces melanin; Located between the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. Have long processes that extend between the epithelial cells deep into the epidermis

Melanocytes

vesicles where melanin is packaged

Melanosomes

recessive genetic trait that causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin resulting in fair skin, white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eyes

Albinism

a decrease of O2 in the blood producing a bluish color of the skin

Cyanosis

yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots

Carotene

True or false: large consumption of carrotene rich food can turn the skin yellowish

True

Most common type of cancer

Skin cancer

Who are the people most likely to be affected by skin cancer?

Fair-skinned people and those older than 50

the most frequent type, with little chance that this type of cancer will spread or metastasize to other areas

Basal Cell Carcinoma

develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale; results to nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the epidermis

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually a in a preexisting mole; it is common and often fatal unless diagnosed and treated early in development

Malignant Melanoma

aka as the hypodermis

subcutaneous tissue

True or false: the subcutaneous tissue is part of the skin

False - it is not part of the skin but it attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle

Acceptable percentage of body fat for females

21-30%

Acceptable percentage of body fat for males

13-25%

Attached or embedded into the skin

accessory skin structures

Found everywhere on the skin, except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and the distal segments of the fingers and toes

hair

invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis

Hair Follicle

protrudes above the surface of the skin

Hair Shaft

part of the hair below the surface

Hair Root

expanded base of the root; where hair is produced

Hair Bulb

extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb; its blood vessels supply the hair bulb with nourishment to produce hair

Hair Papilla

surrounds the softer center

Cortex

soft center of the hair

Medulla

single layer or overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle

Cuticle

True or false: If the surface epidermis is damaged, the epithelial cells within the hair follicle can divide and serve as a source of new epithelial cells

True

smooth muscle cells; when it contracts it causes the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface and raises an area of the skin called a “goose bump”

Arrector Pili

True or false: hair is produced in cycles of growth and rest

True

stage where hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair bulb; they divide and undergo keratinization

Growth stage

Stage wherein growth stops and the hair is held in the hair follicle

Resting stag

Eyelashes grow for about ___ days and rest for ___ days

30, 105

Scalp hairs grow for ___ years and rest for ___ years

3, 1-2

Major glands of the skin

Sebaceous and sweat glands

oily, white substance rich in lipids; lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin

Sebum

simple coiled tubular glands; Numerous in the palms and soles; Open onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores

Eccrine glands

True or false: Emotional sweating can occur in the palms, soles, armpits, and other places

True

simple, coiled tubular glands; Produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances; They open into hair follicles, but only in the armpits and genitalia

Apocrine Glands

When does the apocrine glands start to become active?

puberty

What causes body odor?

organic secretion of the apocrine glands being broken down by bacteria

A thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum that contain a very hard type of keratin

Nail

visible part of the nail

Nail Body

part of the nail covered by skin

Nail Root

stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body

Cuticle

where the nail root extends distally

Nail Matrix

where the nail also attaches; epithelial tissue with a stratum basale that gives rise to the cells that form the nail

Nail Bed

whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail

Lunula

True or false: nails have a resting stage

False - unlike hair, nails doesn't have a resting stage

The intact skin acts as a ___ to the diffusion of water from the deeper tissues to the epidermis.

barrier

___ acts as a heat insulator

hair

What stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate which are needed for normal bone growth and normal muscle function?

Vitamin D

True or false: Ammonia cannot be relased through sweat

False - along with urea and uric acid, ammonia can be excreted through our sweat but only in small amounts

a yellowish skin color resulting from liver damaged by a disease such as hepatitis

Jaundice

results when bacteria infecting the throat release a toxin into the blood that causes a reddish rash on the skin

Scarlet fever

the skin produces excess keratin and assumes a characteristic sandpaper texture

Vitamin A Deficiency

the nails lose their normal contour and become flat or concave

Iron-deficiency Anemia

high levels of lead in the hair can indicate what?

Lead poisoning

Injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation

Burns

Part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as the edges of the burn

Partial-Thickness Burns

The epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edge of the burn wound.

Full-Thickness Burns

involve only the epidermis and are red and painful. Slight edema, or swelling, may be present

First-degree burns

First-degree burns heal in about how many days?

7 days (1 week)

damage both the epidermis and the dermis

Second-degree burns

Minimal second degree burns take about ___ weeks to heal, while burns deep into the dermis take ___ to heal.

2 weeks, several months

True or false: In all second-degree burns, the epidermis is damaged

True

the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed.

Third-degree burns

True or false: you can still feel the pain of the burn in third-degree burns

False - sensory receptors would've already been destroyed

extremely severe burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue

Fourth-degree burns

___ or complete removal of the damaged tissue is required with fourth-degree burns

Amputation

the epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over the burn

Split skin graft

Why are skin grafts made artificially or from cadavers often unsuccessful?

Because the immune system detects them as foreign substances and rejects it