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Building blocks of life > tissues and cellular environment > Flashcards

tissues and cellular environment Flashcards

1
Q

what must cell infrastructures be to be sucessful

A

malleable enough to cope with stress, changing environments and allow repairs

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2
Q

describe tissues

A

cells with similar functions connected
organised then into organs
form is related to function

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3
Q

whats a cytoskeleton

A

internal structure of a cell to give it strength

without it the cell would be floppy and have no support

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4
Q

what are actin filments

A

part of cytoskelton

provide mechanical stiffness and allow cell movement and contraction

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5
Q

how do actin filaments grow?

A

monomers join at the plus end and bound by ATP

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6
Q

what is a microtubule

A

cytoskeleton
esential for cell division
ued to position organelles, proving transport withi the cell
help with shape an movement

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7
Q

what is a microtubule made of

A

repeating units of tubulin which come together to make hollow tubes

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8
Q

how does a microtubule grow?

A

monomers join at the plus end and bound to GTP

have organising centres where the minus end is anchored

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9
Q

what is an intermediate filament

A

more diverse, made of lots of proteins
provide mechanical strength of the cell
used to connect cells together in tissues

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10
Q

roles of the intermeidate filaments

A

connect cells
forms for basal lamina
anchors chromosomes to the nucleus

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11
Q

how do actin filaments help cells to move

A

entire actin network can be remodelled very easily
extend and contract contantly and quickly
push out the plasma membrane as the cell senses its envrironment

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12
Q

role of cytoskeltal filaments during cell division

A

actin: : cut the cell in the middle for cell division
microtubules: pull the chromosomes apart from the centre

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13
Q

name the process of actin filaments growth

A

treadmilling

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14
Q

property of microtubule growth

A

shrink faster than they grow so are dynamically instable
they need to keep adding quckly to stay stable
caps on ends help stability

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15
Q

what is cell migrations key steps

A

protrusion
adhesion
retracton

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16
Q

when is cell migration key?

A

spread of cancers
formation of new blood vessles
wound repair
embryo development

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17
Q

how do cells migrate?

A

reoganise the cytokeleton

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18
Q

whats the role of actin in cell migration

A

growth of actin at the front pushes membrane forward

peice of actin then ataches to thesurface allowing the cells to push forward

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19
Q

why is treadmilling important

A

cell has finite pool of actin monmers to use
so needs to constantly reuse them
dissassemble at minus end, reassemble at plus end using ATP

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20
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

a form of cell migration
cel responds to signals from the envronment such as chemicals
again, uses the actin filaments to propagate the movement

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21
Q

how are mehanical stesses trasmitted?

A

cell to cell by skeetal filaments anchoredd to cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion sites

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22
Q

how are stresses of tenion and compressin handled?

A

dealt with by the ECM and it bears it

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23
Q

examples to corrdianted movement and actions:

A

muscles for contraction

fusing of skeletal muscle to mkae longer cells working together

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24
Q

types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

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25
Q

what joins/connects cels

A

cadherin molecules

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26
Q

how do cells join

A

they can regnognise eahc other and those doing the same funcion
recognise the cell with came receptor types and form connection based on these
cadherins are types of molcule to help with this

27
Q

how does a demosome work

A

connects cells through intermediate filaments
outside of cells are cadherin molecules
conect to filamentes
not a direct link so an anchor of proteins

28
Q

what are the role of proteins in the demosomsome

A

act as an anchor between the cadherin molecule on outside of the cell and intermiate filaments on the inside
act as the direct link between the two

29
Q

what is a tight junction

A

secondary connections after desmosomes
close junctions
forms an imperable barrier between the cells

30
Q

how does a tight junction work?

A

proteins in eahc cell link to the actin cytoskeleton
this joins the cytoskeleton of the two cells
transmembrane protein such as Claudin can aslo do this and form links and bind

31
Q

what is a gap jucntion

A

channel proteins that align between cells forming a small pore

32
Q

function of a gap juction

A

links two cells cytoplama and direct communication between the two can occur

  • exchange of metabolites
  • passage of signals
  • adhesion between cells
  • strength and tumour supression
33
Q

how does caner arise?

A

cells gone wrong
they break connections and lose coherence
can now move freely

34
Q

how do embyors develop cell in the correct environment

A

cells move around the body durin the development

specalised cells navigate the environment to find the right place and form the connections they need

35
Q

what is ECM

A

what cells attach to
scaffolding
provides structure and both mechanical and biochemical support
provides nutrients for the cells

36
Q

what is the basememt layer

A

thin sheets of ECM at the base of tissues such as skin or blood vessles
impermeable barrier

37
Q

what is the ECM made up of

A

mix of molecules secreted by the cells themselves:

  • long proteins such as collagen
  • large sugar coated proteins such as protegylcans
  • fibronectin
38
Q

what is collagen

A

most abundant protein in the body

structural

39
Q

what does collagen form

A

molecular cables strengthening tendons, bonds an teeth

also protects and supports solft tissues and connect them to the skeleton

40
Q

what is collagen formed of?

A

complex chains wound together into a tight triple helix

41
Q

features and uses of collagen for cells

A
  • absorbs shock
  • cancer cells drag themselve along it
  • cell attached to ECm and thus colagen too
42
Q

what is fibronectin

A

large glycoprotein

43
Q

how does fibronectin work in the ECM

A

contain domains that bind to other ecm components and also binds to integrins
attach the ecm

44
Q

functins of fibronectinq

A

key for wound healing, blood clot formation
connects and organises everything
gives organisation and support

45
Q

what is proteoglycan

A

proteins heavy glycosylated

contain long chains of sugar molecules branching off the main protein chain

46
Q

function sof proteoglycans

A

lubricate the ecm
modify and stabilise the activity of other proteins in the ecm
help prevent the tissues being stiff and inflexible

47
Q

how has the naked mole rat overcome cancer?

A

sugar molecules in the ecm are much larger
provides extra protection
makes tissues extra flexible in small spaces
the sugars trap cells in the ecm and they cant break away, you can damage the cell but the ecm wont let it grow out of control

48
Q

how do cells attach to the ECM

A

integrins

49
Q

how do integrin work?

A

act as matrix receptors
connect the cell to the ECM and transmit signals into the cell allowing it to sense and respond to the environment
outside in signalling

50
Q

what is outside in signalling

A

transmitting signals into the cell form an integrin allowing the cell to sense and respond to the environment

51
Q

what is inside- out signalling

A

cells being able to recognise the ECM by pulling on the fibres using integrins

52
Q

purpose of an integrin

A

recognise the ECM and bind to it

connecting cells to the ecm

53
Q

what is an adesion complex?

A

connection point betwen cells and the ECM

54
Q

how do cells actually move?

A

combination of actin polymerisation pyshing the plasma membrane forward and integrin molecules binding ti ecm leading to formation of small adhesion complexes
motor proteins on actin then create forces pulling the cel forward
adhesion complex disassembles ad cycle repeats

55
Q

name a motor protein used for cell movement

A

myosin

56
Q

where are flagella found

A

sperm and bacteria

57
Q

what are cillia

A

unicellular organisms used for movement and removal of particles in the air
eg. mucus in respiratory tract

58
Q

how do cillia and flagella work

A

motor proteins attach to microtubules, dyenin

59
Q

which types of cell need to move through the ECM

A

immune cells or those in tissue repair

60
Q

how do cells move through the ecm

A

cells can secrete degradative enzymes to digest some of the ecm

61
Q

which cells are used for ecm remodelling

A

fibroblasts

62
Q

how can cancer cells move through the ecm?

A

acquire the ability to degrade the ecm and push through

co-opt fibroblasts to help them make tunnels through the ecm

63
Q

how do cells attach to the basement membrane?

A

hemi-desmosomes

64
Q

what is a hemi-desmosome

A

connects the ECM to intermediate filaments in the cell

link goes through the integrins

Building blocks of life (17 decks)

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