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Building blocks of life > tissues and cellular environment > Flashcards

tissues and cellular environment Flashcards

1
Q

what must cell infrastructures be to be sucessful

A

malleable enough to cope with stress, changing environments and allow repairs

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2
Q

describe tissues

A

cells with similar functions connected
organised then into organs
form is related to function

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3
Q

whats a cytoskeleton

A

internal structure of a cell to give it strength

without it the cell would be floppy and have no support

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4
Q

what are actin filments

A

part of cytoskelton

provide mechanical stiffness and allow cell movement and contraction

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5
Q

how do actin filaments grow?

A

monomers join at the plus end and bound by ATP

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6
Q

what is a microtubule

A

cytoskeleton
esential for cell division
ued to position organelles, proving transport withi the cell
help with shape an movement

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7
Q

what is a microtubule made of

A

repeating units of tubulin which come together to make hollow tubes

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8
Q

how does a microtubule grow?

A

monomers join at the plus end and bound to GTP

have organising centres where the minus end is anchored

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9
Q

what is an intermediate filament

A

more diverse, made of lots of proteins
provide mechanical strength of the cell
used to connect cells together in tissues

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10
Q

roles of the intermeidate filaments

A

connect cells
forms for basal lamina
anchors chromosomes to the nucleus

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11
Q

how do actin filaments help cells to move

A

entire actin network can be remodelled very easily
extend and contract contantly and quickly
push out the plasma membrane as the cell senses its envrironment

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12
Q

role of cytoskeltal filaments during cell division

A

actin: : cut the cell in the middle for cell division
microtubules: pull the chromosomes apart from the centre

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13
Q

name the process of actin filaments growth

A

treadmilling

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14
Q

property of microtubule growth

A

shrink faster than they grow so are dynamically instable
they need to keep adding quckly to stay stable
caps on ends help stability

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15
Q

what is cell migrations key steps

A

protrusion
adhesion
retracton

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16
Q

when is cell migration key?

A

spread of cancers
formation of new blood vessles
wound repair
embryo development

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17
Q

how do cells migrate?

A

reoganise the cytokeleton

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18
Q

whats the role of actin in cell migration

A

growth of actin at the front pushes membrane forward

peice of actin then ataches to thesurface allowing the cells to push forward

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19
Q

why is treadmilling important

A

cell has finite pool of actin monmers to use
so needs to constantly reuse them
dissassemble at minus end, reassemble at plus end using ATP

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20
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

a form of cell migration
cel responds to signals from the envronment such as chemicals
again, uses the actin filaments to propagate the movement

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21
Q

how are mehanical stesses trasmitted?

A

cell to cell by skeetal filaments anchoredd to cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion sites

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22
Q

how are stresses of tenion and compressin handled?

A

dealt with by the ECM and it bears it

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23
Q

examples to corrdianted movement and actions:

A

muscles for contraction

fusing of skeletal muscle to mkae longer cells working together

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24
Q

types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

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25
what joins/connects cels
cadherin molecules
26
how do cells join
they can regnognise eahc other and those doing the same funcion recognise the cell with came receptor types and form connection based on these cadherins are types of molcule to help with this
27
how does a demosome work
connects cells through intermediate filaments outside of cells are cadherin molecules conect to filamentes not a direct link so an anchor of proteins
28
what are the role of proteins in the demosomsome
act as an anchor between the cadherin molecule on outside of the cell and intermiate filaments on the inside act as the direct link between the two
29
what is a tight junction
secondary connections after desmosomes close junctions forms an imperable barrier between the cells
30
how does a tight junction work?
proteins in eahc cell link to the actin cytoskeleton this joins the cytoskeleton of the two cells transmembrane protein such as Claudin can aslo do this and form links and bind
31
what is a gap jucntion
channel proteins that align between cells forming a small pore
32
function of a gap juction
links two cells cytoplama and direct communication between the two can occur - exchange of metabolites - passage of signals - adhesion between cells - strength and tumour supression
33
how does caner arise?
cells gone wrong they break connections and lose coherence can now move freely
34
how do embyors develop cell in the correct environment
cells move around the body durin the development | specalised cells navigate the environment to find the right place and form the connections they need
35
what is ECM
what cells attach to scaffolding provides structure and both mechanical and biochemical support provides nutrients for the cells
36
what is the basememt layer
thin sheets of ECM at the base of tissues such as skin or blood vessles impermeable barrier
37
what is the ECM made up of
mix of molecules secreted by the cells themselves: - long proteins such as collagen - large sugar coated proteins such as protegylcans - fibronectin
38
what is collagen
most abundant protein in the body | structural
39
what does collagen form
molecular cables strengthening tendons, bonds an teeth | also protects and supports solft tissues and connect them to the skeleton
40
what is collagen formed of?
complex chains wound together into a tight triple helix
41
features and uses of collagen for cells
- absorbs shock - cancer cells drag themselve along it - cell attached to ECm and thus colagen too
42
what is fibronectin
large glycoprotein
43
how does fibronectin work in the ECM
contain domains that bind to other ecm components and also binds to integrins attach the ecm
44
functins of fibronectinq
key for wound healing, blood clot formation connects and organises everything gives organisation and support
45
what is proteoglycan
proteins heavy glycosylated | contain long chains of sugar molecules branching off the main protein chain
46
function sof proteoglycans
lubricate the ecm modify and stabilise the activity of other proteins in the ecm help prevent the tissues being stiff and inflexible
47
how has the naked mole rat overcome cancer?
sugar molecules in the ecm are much larger provides extra protection makes tissues extra flexible in small spaces the sugars trap cells in the ecm and they cant break away, you can damage the cell but the ecm wont let it grow out of control
48
how do cells attach to the ECM
integrins
49
how do integrin work?
act as matrix receptors connect the cell to the ECM and transmit signals into the cell allowing it to sense and respond to the environment outside in signalling
50
what is outside in signalling
transmitting signals into the cell form an integrin allowing the cell to sense and respond to the environment
51
what is inside- out signalling
cells being able to recognise the ECM by pulling on the fibres using integrins
52
purpose of an integrin
recognise the ECM and bind to it | connecting cells to the ecm
53
what is an adesion complex?
connection point betwen cells and the ECM
54
how do cells actually move?
combination of actin polymerisation pyshing the plasma membrane forward and integrin molecules binding ti ecm leading to formation of small adhesion complexes motor proteins on actin then create forces pulling the cel forward adhesion complex disassembles ad cycle repeats
55
name a motor protein used for cell movement
myosin
56
where are flagella found
sperm and bacteria
57
what are cillia
unicellular organisms used for movement and removal of particles in the air eg. mucus in respiratory tract
58
how do cillia and flagella work
motor proteins attach to microtubules, dyenin
59
which types of cell need to move through the ECM
immune cells or those in tissue repair
60
how do cells move through the ecm
cells can secrete degradative enzymes to digest some of the ecm
61
which cells are used for ecm remodelling
fibroblasts
62
how can cancer cells move through the ecm?
acquire the ability to degrade the ecm and push through | co-opt fibroblasts to help them make tunnels through the ecm
63
how do cells attach to the basement membrane?
hemi-desmosomes
64
what is a hemi-desmosome
connects the ECM to intermediate filaments in the cell | link goes through the integrins

Building blocks of life (17 decks)

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