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Building blocks of life > mitochondria: energy > Flashcards

mitochondria: energy Flashcards

1
Q

describe the structure of a mitochrondrai

A

high specialised with an outer an inner membrane

inner one is hihgly folded

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2
Q

whats special about the inner membrane

A

full of cardiolipin which makes the membrane impereable to ions
this is a hihgly specialsed lipid bilayer

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3
Q

what does the mitochondria matrix contain

A

enzymes that metabolise pyruvate and fatty acids to produce acetyl CoA and enzymes that oxidise citric acid cycle

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4
Q

what is reduction andd oxidation

A

reduction is adding/gain

oxidation is removing/loss

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5
Q

how is FAD reduced?

A

addition of 2 electrons and protons

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6
Q

what is oxidative photphylation

A

glucose can be metabolised through oxidation to produce energy in glycolysis

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7
Q

where does oxidative phosophylation in glycolysis happen>

A

in the cytosol

glucose is broken down to produce energy as ATP

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8
Q

how many atp can one molecule of glucose produce

A

2ATP

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9
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

in the matrix

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10
Q

what does the citric acid cycle produce

A

electron carriers such as NADH for electron transport chain

building blocks for cells and ATP

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11
Q

what are fed into the citric acid cycle?

A

fatty acids, amino acids, sugars

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12
Q

what are transfered to the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH

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13
Q

how are electrons passed in the transport chain to fnally oxygen>

A

passed through number of prteins including cytochromes wth an iron atom to finally reach oxygen

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14
Q

what does the electron chain function to do?

A

break the large free-energy drop from food to oxygen into smaller steps that release manageable energy in smaller bits

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15
Q

what helps transfere the electrons from NADH to oxygen exactly?

A

large respiratory enzyme complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
work through a series of alternate reduction and oxidation steps

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16
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

in the cristae

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17
Q

desribe the process of the electron in the chain

A
  • NADH passes electron to first part of the chain
  • NADH dehydrogenase is first complex ]
  • NADH oxidised to NAD+
  • complex reduced now
  • now electron passed to ubiquinone Q
  • quinnone reduced and is oxidised
  • cycle to redox reactions
  • passed onto cytochrome BC1
  • passed onto final cytochrome oxidase
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18
Q

name the enzyme cpmplexes in the electron chain

A 
NADH dehydogenase ( large complex)
ubiquinone Q
cytochrome BC1 ( large complex)
cytochome C
cytochrome oxidase ( Large complex)
19
Q

what us the importance of oxygen?

A

this is what 90% of the oxygen we breath in used for, final electron acceptor

20
Q

why is cytochrome C important

A

key for cell death as well as electron transport energy production

21
Q

what does cyanide do to the body?

A

toxic as it binds to cytochrom oxidase complex, stopping electron transport and reducing ATP production

22
Q

name some carriers of electrons only

A

FeS iron sulphur proteins

cytochromes

23
Q

nanme some carriers of electrons and H+ ions

A

FMN: flavin mononucleotide
FAD
uniquinnone Q
oxygen

24
Q

where are protons moved to in the electrons transport chain?

A

moved into the intermembrane space out of the matrix creating a gradient

25
Q

why cant the protons move back across the membranes in electron transport?

A

the inner membrane is impermeable to ions

they et stuck on the other side creating the gradient

26
Q

what is the final component of electron transport chain??

A

ATP synthase

27
Q

what is ATP synthase

A

channel that carries protons
moving the protons through here synthesies ATP
the force of the protons drives the production of ATP

28
Q

describe the structure of ATP synthase

A

little channels on the top
protons flow into channels and out the other side
protosn twist the molecule, this mechanical twisting makes the ATP

29
Q

what is ATP synthase an example of?

A

chemiosmosis

30
Q

describe the process of chemiosmoso

A

the enery coupling mechanism
proteins pump hydrogen ions from mitochondria matrix to intermembrane space
H ions then move back across through ATP synthase
drives ADP into ATP
* use of enery is a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

31
Q

which part of respiration makes the most ATP

A

electron transport chain: 38 molecules from one molecule of glucose

32
Q

what is mitochondria uncoupling?

A

controlling the efficiency of the process

33
Q

what happens in mitochondria uncoupling

A

break the cycle

instead of pumping protons to synthase, the membrane is made leaky and protons can flow out losing energy as heat

34
Q

what is used in mitochondrial uncoupling to make the membrane leaky?

A

DNP

35
Q

what is uncoupling proteins UCPs

A

mitochondria transporter present in the inner membrane

found in mammals and plants

36
Q

what does as UCP allow

A

continuous rexoidation of coenzymes that are essential to metabolic pathways

37
Q

what is the function of a UCP (uncoupling proteins)

A

help make more heat

retain temperture

38
Q

is the body priority is heat generation, what happens to repiration?

A

this becaome uncoupled and there is ots of heat generaton

39
Q

is the bodys priotiry is heat generation what happens

A

the mitochondra becomes leaky and heat is lost

40
Q

is the bodys priority is energy conservation what happens?

A

respiration is well-coupled and the protons are not leaky

41
Q

in cold places what do you do to respiartion?

A

uncouple to make more heat

42
Q

how is ATP synthesised in bacteria

A

respiration:

pump the protons outwards allowing them to re-enter via ATP synthase

43
Q

what is the evidence for ATP snthesis in bacteria

A

the make it the same as we do in mitochdonria

explains endosymbiosis

Building blocks of life (17 decks)

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