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Building blocks of life > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

redox

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2
Q

what causes the production of electrons, protons and water?

A

oxidation of water

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3
Q

what was the great oxidation event?

A

land was originally anoxic
then bacteria came and used carbon dioxide and light
first cyanobacteria
these created the great oxidation event
oxygen then interacted with methane causing it to drop and live could now develop

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4
Q

what is the carbon cycle?

A

movement of carbon between land, atmosphere and oceans

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5
Q

why is the carbon cycle important?

A

plants are primary producers and key sources of energy

everything we eat comes directly or indirectly from plants

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6
Q

where does the carbon cycle happen in plants? photosynthesis

A

chrloroplasts

within this there is a network of membranes, thylaoids

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7
Q

what happens in the thylakoid membranes?

A

light dependnt reactions

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8
Q

what happens in the stroma of the chloroplast?

A

light independent reaction

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9
Q

what is the chloroplast a product of?

A

endosymbiosis

several ndosymbiotic events lead to this organelle

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10
Q

is endosymbiosis happening today also?

A

yes

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11
Q

example of endosymbiosis happening today?

A

green marine slug

spotted salamander

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12
Q

how is the green marine slug an example of endosymbiosis

A

eats algae
cuts open filament and sucks out chloroplast
transfers chloroplast to own tissue and can now survive for a year without eating

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13
Q

how is the salamander an example of endosymbiosis?

A

algea is incoprorated into cells and eggs

those without the algae are less sucessful embryos

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14
Q

what did Priestly do/ find?

A

plants produce good air
candle chamber with mouse in, it died
with now a plant, survived.
plants allow things to survive

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15
Q

what did Ingenhousz do/find?

A

discovered photosynthesis required light and made oxygen

leaves in a bowl, exposed to light and bubbles form

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16
Q

what did blackman propose about photosyntheis?

A

happens in two reactions

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17
Q

what did Van Neil show to help with phososyntheisis?

A

looked at the role of light
took purple suflur bacteria and concluded the process is redox
used radioisotrophic techniques

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18
Q

How did Hill contribute to photosynthesis timeline/

A

carried out experiments to isolate chloroplasts

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19
Q

what did Ruben and Kamen do?

A

confirmed everything

used isotopes of carbon dioxide and demonstrated oxygen comes from the water

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20
Q

what role do pigments have in photosynthesis?

A

asorb the light and at different wavelengths each

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21
Q

what are the pigments in chloroplasts?

A

chlorphyll A and B

B-carotene

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22
Q

what is chlorophyll A

A

the primary photosynthetic pigment

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23
Q

what is chlorphyll B

A

acessorory pigment

24
Q

what is beta-carotene?

A

accesory pigment

prevents oxidative damage of chlophyll during photosynthesis

25
Q

what are the fates of energy durin photosynthesisi?

A

extra energy converetd to heat and lost
transfered to nearby chlorophyll ( resonance)
electron acceptor

26
Q

what is a chloryphyll?

A

green pigment in plants, algae, cyanobacteria

absorbs light powering photsyntesis

27
Q

role os chlorphyl in light powering

A

excite electrons located in the porphyin- like ring

28
Q

shape of chlorphyll?

A

antenna complex that is associated with a photochemical reactions centre forming a photosynstem

29
Q

how do the photosysytems work?

A

light hits the antenna complex
energises electrons
electrons via ressonance pass along chain in redox reaction
high energy electron given to next reciever and oxidises
replacing the missing electron happens with photolysis
water is brokwn down and electron replaced giving the complete cycle

30
Q

what happens at PS11?

A

water molecue spit here

anteanna pigments also here

31
Q

what happens in PPS1?

A

electron is recieved fro plantacyanin

32
Q

what is the process of the electron transport hain?

A

energised electron alows proton from stroma into the lumen
after that the electron goes to cytochrom B6F
goes to planntacyanin, energy lowered
protons in lumen: electrochemical gradient
lysis of water, more protons
protons released by ATP synthase, ATP made

33
Q

define photophosphylation?

A

proton gradient driving the ATP synthase to generate ATP

the prtons are phophoylating ADP to ATP

34
Q

what is a Z-scheme?

A

energy thermodynamic

35
Q

what does the Z-scheme describe in photysnthesis?

A

electron energised and elevated then flows in chain and energy used up
energy levels change and go up ad down

36
Q

what aid does the couping of PS11 and PS1 do?

A

boosts electrons to the energy level needed to produce NADPH

37
Q

what is the cyclic electron flow?

A

cyclic photophosphylation
generating ATP without making NADPH
only use PS1
electrons not passed to NADP but back to the cycle

38
Q

who was the pioneer of the calvin cycle?

A

melvin calvin

39
Q

what experiments did Melvin calvin and benson do?

A

used radioactive atoms to follow process in the plant
lollipop experiment
algae photosynthesis and add radioactive oxygen, examined the dead algae for carbon
separated on chromatogram
could see key compounds and sugars that were radioactive

40
Q

what is the key enzyme

A

RuBisCo

41
Q

describe the process of the calvin cycle

A

1/ carboylation

  1. 3-phosoglycerine
  2. unstable and splits into 3 carbon molecule
  3. ATP and NADPH phosphylation and reduction
  4. 6 molecules of glyceroldephophate
  5. one molecule of GP used for sugars
  6. regeneration of 15C divided by 5 = 3 molecules to ribulose-biphosphate
  7. cycle can go again now
42
Q

how many cycles are needed for one 6 carbon sugar>

A

twice

43
Q

what is rubisco?

A

large, slow proteins enzyme

3 olecules of substrate per second

44
Q

what is the issue with rubsci?

A

it can bind both carbon dioxide and oxygen
changed depending on environment and affinity
this can be energy wastin

45
Q

how does rubisco try to prevent using oxygen instead of carbon doxide?

A

carbon concentrating methods

46
Q

what is a carbon concenrating mecanhism?

A

allows carbon dioxide to be fixed and released next to rubisco to it will use this and not see any oxygen

47
Q

what happens to rubisco if you add one oxygen molecule instead of carbon iodixide to RuBP?

A

one molecule with three carbon atoms and one molecule with onlt two carbons

48
Q

why is oxygen in rubusco an issue?

A

the two carbon molecule created cannoe be used y the calvin cycle to make TP or regenerate RuBP

49
Q

what is photorespiration?

A

consumes ATP in an efffort to return to the calvin cycle making GP
it uses peroxisomes and mitochondria

50
Q

what is a C4 plant?

A

sugar cane or grasses

51
Q

what does a c4 plant do?

A

co2 is taken into cell and converted into bicarbonate. moved to bundle sheath cells via plasmodesmaa and released nearer to rubisco
elegant metho to ensure no carbon idoxide is lost

52
Q

what is a CAM plant?

A

stomata i the leaves remain shut during the day to concentrate carbon dioxide and release this near the rubusco

53
Q

how does a CAM plant wor

A

CO2 is stored as malic acid in vacuole
at nightstomata open fixing carbon iodixide
mate stored as malic acid in vacuole
during the day stomata close to not waste water
malic accid convereted to pyruvate and carbon is released and used in calvin cycle

54
Q

how do algae concentrate carbon?

A

variety of methods
aqutic environment so abundant is bicarbonate
use transporters for bicarbonate

55
Q

what type of plants do we mainly eat?

A

c3

56
Q

what are the three steps of the calvin cycle?

A

carboxylation
reduction
regeneration

Building blocks of life (17 decks)

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