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photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

redox

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2
Q

what causes the production of electrons, protons and water?

A

oxidation of water

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3
Q

what was the great oxidation event?

A

land was originally anoxic
then bacteria came and used carbon dioxide and light
first cyanobacteria
these created the great oxidation event
oxygen then interacted with methane causing it to drop and live could now develop

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4
Q

what is the carbon cycle?

A

movement of carbon between land, atmosphere and oceans

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5
Q

why is the carbon cycle important?

A

plants are primary producers and key sources of energy

everything we eat comes directly or indirectly from plants

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6
Q

where does the carbon cycle happen in plants? photosynthesis

A

chrloroplasts

within this there is a network of membranes, thylaoids

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7
Q

what happens in the thylakoid membranes?

A

light dependnt reactions

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8
Q

what happens in the stroma of the chloroplast?

A

light independent reaction

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9
Q

what is the chloroplast a product of?

A

endosymbiosis

several ndosymbiotic events lead to this organelle

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10
Q

is endosymbiosis happening today also?

A

yes

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11
Q

example of endosymbiosis happening today?

A

green marine slug

spotted salamander

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12
Q

how is the green marine slug an example of endosymbiosis

A

eats algae
cuts open filament and sucks out chloroplast
transfers chloroplast to own tissue and can now survive for a year without eating

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13
Q

how is the salamander an example of endosymbiosis?

A

algea is incoprorated into cells and eggs

those without the algae are less sucessful embryos

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14
Q

what did Priestly do/ find?

A

plants produce good air
candle chamber with mouse in, it died
with now a plant, survived.
plants allow things to survive

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15
Q

what did Ingenhousz do/find?

A

discovered photosynthesis required light and made oxygen

leaves in a bowl, exposed to light and bubbles form

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16
Q

what did blackman propose about photosyntheis?

A

happens in two reactions

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17
Q

what did Van Neil show to help with phososyntheisis?

A

looked at the role of light
took purple suflur bacteria and concluded the process is redox
used radioisotrophic techniques

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18
Q

How did Hill contribute to photosynthesis timeline/

A

carried out experiments to isolate chloroplasts

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19
Q

what did Ruben and Kamen do?

A

confirmed everything

used isotopes of carbon dioxide and demonstrated oxygen comes from the water

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20
Q

what role do pigments have in photosynthesis?

A

asorb the light and at different wavelengths each

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21
Q

what are the pigments in chloroplasts?

A

chlorphyll A and B

B-carotene

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22
Q

what is chlorophyll A

A

the primary photosynthetic pigment

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23
Q

what is chlorphyll B

A

acessorory pigment

24
Q

what is beta-carotene?

A

accesory pigment

prevents oxidative damage of chlophyll during photosynthesis

25
what are the fates of energy durin photosynthesisi?
extra energy converetd to heat and lost transfered to nearby chlorophyll ( resonance) electron acceptor
26
what is a chloryphyll?
green pigment in plants, algae, cyanobacteria | absorbs light powering photsyntesis
27
role os chlorphyl in light powering
excite electrons located in the porphyin- like ring
28
shape of chlorphyll?
antenna complex that is associated with a photochemical reactions centre forming a photosynstem
29
how do the photosysytems work?
light hits the antenna complex energises electrons electrons via ressonance pass along chain in redox reaction high energy electron given to next reciever and oxidises replacing the missing electron happens with photolysis water is brokwn down and electron replaced giving the complete cycle
30
what happens at PS11?
water molecue spit here | anteanna pigments also here
31
what happens in PPS1?
electron is recieved fro plantacyanin
32
what is the process of the electron transport hain?
energised electron alows proton from stroma into the lumen after that the electron goes to cytochrom B6F goes to planntacyanin, energy lowered protons in lumen: electrochemical gradient lysis of water, more protons protons released by ATP synthase, ATP made
33
define photophosphylation?
proton gradient driving the ATP synthase to generate ATP | the prtons are phophoylating ADP to ATP
34
what is a Z-scheme?
energy thermodynamic
35
what does the Z-scheme describe in photysnthesis?
electron energised and elevated then flows in chain and energy used up energy levels change and go up ad down
36
what aid does the couping of PS11 and PS1 do?
boosts electrons to the energy level needed to produce NADPH
37
what is the cyclic electron flow?
cyclic photophosphylation generating ATP without making NADPH only use PS1 electrons not passed to NADP but back to the cycle
38
who was the pioneer of the calvin cycle?
melvin calvin
39
what experiments did Melvin calvin and benson do?
used radioactive atoms to follow process in the plant lollipop experiment algae photosynthesis and add radioactive oxygen, examined the dead algae for carbon separated on chromatogram could see key compounds and sugars that were radioactive
40
what is the key enzyme
RuBisCo
41
describe the process of the calvin cycle
1/ carboylation 2. 3-phosoglycerine 3. unstable and splits into 3 carbon molecule 4. ATP and NADPH phosphylation and reduction 5. 6 molecules of glyceroldephophate 6. one molecule of GP used for sugars 7. regeneration of 15C divided by 5 = 3 molecules to ribulose-biphosphate 8. cycle can go again now
42
how many cycles are needed for one 6 carbon sugar>
twice
43
what is rubisco?
large, slow proteins enzyme | 3 olecules of substrate per second
44
what is the issue with rubsci?
it can bind both carbon dioxide and oxygen changed depending on environment and affinity this can be energy wastin
45
how does rubisco try to prevent using oxygen instead of carbon doxide?
carbon concentrating methods
46
what is a carbon concenrating mecanhism?
allows carbon dioxide to be fixed and released next to rubisco to it will use this and not see any oxygen
47
what happens to rubisco if you add one oxygen molecule instead of carbon iodixide to RuBP?
one molecule with three carbon atoms and one molecule with onlt two carbons
48
why is oxygen in rubusco an issue?
the two carbon molecule created cannoe be used y the calvin cycle to make TP or regenerate RuBP
49
what is photorespiration?
consumes ATP in an efffort to return to the calvin cycle making GP it uses peroxisomes and mitochondria
50
what is a C4 plant?
sugar cane or grasses
51
what does a c4 plant do?
co2 is taken into cell and converted into bicarbonate. moved to bundle sheath cells via plasmodesmaa and released nearer to rubisco elegant metho to ensure no carbon idoxide is lost
52
what is a CAM plant?
stomata i the leaves remain shut during the day to concentrate carbon dioxide and release this near the rubusco
53
how does a CAM plant wor
CO2 is stored as malic acid in vacuole at nightstomata open fixing carbon iodixide mate stored as malic acid in vacuole during the day stomata close to not waste water malic accid convereted to pyruvate and carbon is released and used in calvin cycle
54
how do algae concentrate carbon?
variety of methods aqutic environment so abundant is bicarbonate use transporters for bicarbonate
55
what type of plants do we mainly eat?
c3
56
what are the three steps of the calvin cycle?
carboxylation reduction regeneration

Building blocks of life (17 decks)

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