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Building blocks of life > mitochrondria: cell death > Flashcards

mitochrondria: cell death Flashcards

1
Q

what is apoptosis>

A

programmed cell death

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2
Q

what is necrosis?

A

uncontrolled cell death

cells swell up and burst contents

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3
Q

what is necrosis assocated with?

A

disease

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4
Q

what causes necrosis

A

cells encounter toxin and then burst releasing this to neighbouring cells

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5
Q

what happens during necrosis?

A 
lose membrane integrity/ control of membrane
cell swells
cytoplasm dilutes, slow reactions
cells lyse
loss of cell components
inflammation
endosomes and lysosomes released
DNA degraded
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6
Q

what happens during apoptosis

A

membrane blebbs but remains in control
cells still viable
careful breakdown of nucleus and components
cell is packaged into small vesicles and contained

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7
Q

what happens to apoptosis fragements?

A

macrophages can digest the small fragments

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8
Q

how is cell death key in embryo development

A

it sculpts the tissue

eg. digit making

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9
Q

how is cell death used in the immune system ?

A

destroys self reacting cells
stops autoimmune issues
destroys virus infected cells

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10
Q

how is cell death used in homeostasis?

A

counter balance cell division and removal of old or damaged cells
replace with new instead of repearing

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11
Q

how is cell death used in cancer?

A

radiothereapy drugs work through inducing apoptosis

many cancer cells have defects in apoptosis pathway making them reistant

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12
Q

what are the two ways apoptosis is triggered?

A

receptor mediated

mitochondrai mediated

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13
Q

how does the receptor mediated pathway work>

A

recieve correct ligand and this triggers the death pathway

it is extrincically controlled

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14
Q

how does the mitochondrai control cell death?

A

intrisinic pathway

can be activated by variety of cell stresse

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15
Q

which cell stresses can lead to mitochondrial acttivated cell death?

A 
free radicals
DNA damage
viral infection
membrane damage
loss of survival signals
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16
Q

what are caspases?

A

family of proteases existing in an inactive form of pro-enzymes in cells

17
Q

how many caspases are there??

A

12

18
Q

what do caspases do?

A

activate other caspases in a cascade.

19
Q

how do caspases work in activating other caspases?

A

they cleave the pro-domain and activae the caspase to work

20
Q

two types of caspases?

A

initiator

effector

21
Q

what does an initiator caspase do?

A

activated other caspases

single caspase can activate lots of others in the cell

22
Q

what does an affector caspase do?

A

called executeres
they break down cellular components such as the cytoskeleton and DNA
activation of these is the point of no return in process of apoptosis

23
Q

how is the plasma membrane involved in cell death

A

key lipids are made on the inside and the membrane can flip over to reveal this

24
Q

what causes the membrane to flip over?

A

caspases

25
Q

when the membran flips over what is revealed?

A

a receptor lipid which acts as a signal that they cell needs to be digested

26
Q

what is the key trigger of caspases?

A

the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria

27
Q

where is cytochrome C found?

A

in the inner membrane space of the mitochdonra

28
Q

how is cytochrome C used in cell death?

A

the release of it can act as a trigger

29
Q

how is cytochrome C released from mitochrondria?

A

pores in the membrane

30
Q

what is an apoptosome?

A

wheel of proteins that is a platform for pro-caspase to bind

then other things can bind also activating things

31
Q

what key family of proteins are there for cytochromes?

A

BcL-2

32
Q

what are they two types of BcL proteins?

A

pro- surivial

pro- apoptotic

33
Q

how are pro-apoptotic BCL proteins found in the cell?

A

found in the cell bound up to other proteins, not functional, inactive

34
Q

how do pro-apoptotic BcL proteins work?

A

on receiving a stress signal, move to mitochondria and insert into membrane forming large pores
pores allow cytochrome C out

35
Q

How do pro-survival BcL proteins work?

A

bind to the mitochondrai preventing apoptosis

guard the membrane

36
Q

how do the proteins decide cell fate?

A

if lots of survival ones, lots of apoptotic ones needed to fate death
but if all survival ones are used up then pores can still be made and death occurs
need a balance

37
Q

where do Bcl-2 proteins act?

A

on the mitochondria to regulate the formation of pores in outer membrane

38
Q

what does the release of cytochrome C lead to?

A

formation of apoptosome and activation of the caspase cascade

Building blocks of life (17 decks)

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