genome structure

Question 1

what is a genome?

Answer 1

entire nucleic acid information in each cell

used to develop the organism

Question 2

what is a viruses genome like?

Answer 2

very variable 
DNA or RNA
ss or ds
coding or template
overlapping or multfunctional

Question 3

prokaryote genomes

Answer 3

compact and small
circular
arranged into operons
plasmids are optional extras

Question 4

eukarytic genomes

Answer 4

large
organised to chromosomes
operons rare
genes dont group into functions

Question 5

do eukaryotic genes group?

Answer 5

not into functions

but sometimes essential genes tend to be near each other

Question 6

what are organellar genomes like?

Answer 6

some such as mitochondria and chloroplasta have their own

genomes are separate due to endosymbiosis

Question 7

what is a protist?

Answer 7

diverse grop of unicellular eukaryotes

Question 8

what are protist cell nucleus like?

Answer 8

two kinds:

micronucleus: heriditary and used in sex
macronucleus: working memory, data here to make proteins

Question 9

key features of protists genomes

Answer 9

genome edited in strange ways

ccan edit it before being translated into proteins

Question 10

what is a centromere used for?

Answer 10

at the middle of a chromosome and used for cell division and pulling it apart

Question 11

whats a telomere used for

Answer 11

ends of the chromosomes

Question 12

what is a chromosome made up of/

Answer 12

heterochromic repetetice DNA

Question 13

how are sex chromosomes structured?

Answer 13

XY in mammals

Question 14

how an sex chromosomes be structured in birds, moths and butterflies

Answer 14

WZ
females have WZ
males ave ZZ

Question 15

types of chromosomal mutations

Answer 15

replication errors
deletion
duplication
translocation
aneuploidy

Question 16

what does ploidy mean?

Answer 16

number of sets

Question 17

define karotype

Answer 17

number of chromosomes in a cell

Question 18

what ploidy are humans?

Answer 18

diploid

Question 19

what is compartive genomics

Answer 19

detecting conservation/divergence of sequences but alos the gene content and order
syntenty

Question 20

what can comparitive genomics look for?

Answer 20

evidence for duplications of chromosome regions or whole genome duplications

Question 21

what is the C-value paradox

Answer 21

graph of the genome size

looks at the correspondance between complex organisms and genome size

Question 22

what does the c-value paradox expect

Answer 22

expect more compacted we are the more genes would be needed
but this doesnt happen
the relationship between organism size and genome size is a loose/not good.

Question 23

what does appear to be driving genome size and complexity?

Answer 23

something other than complexity

to do with repetetive DNA as this doest do much for the organism

Question 24

why are humasn bad model organisms

Answer 24

very long generation time
small little size
ethical issues

Question 25

what is the human genome project of 1988

Answer 25

megaproject to sequence human DNA

Question 26

two projects for sequencing human genome

Answer 26

IIHGP | Celera

Question 27

how did IHGP go about go about the human genome project?

Answer 27

work was public and open acces used chromosome walking and bacteria artficial chromsomes BACs kab work intensive

Question 28

how did celera go about squencing the human gneome?

Answer 28

commercial shutgun sequencing, computationally intensive take genome and cut it nd sequence small bits more complicated but less lab work one human sequenced

Question 29

what were the results of the human genome project?

Answer 29

less genes that expected some genes shared with lots of other animals largely introns and repetive stuff

Question 30

what percentage of the huma gneome codes for proteisn?

Answer 30

2%

Question 31

how did the human genome project explain the c-value paradox

Answer 31

most of the huma genome is selif-replicating dna parts that dont contribute to DNA proportion of genes isnt key but the amoutn of repetitive stuff is

Question 32

what is the current state of the human genome project?

Answer 32

not fully sequenced yet 250 gaps confident, few errors

Question 33

how many base pairs do we have?

Answer 33

3.2 billion

Question 34

what is miotchondrial eve

Answer 34

following the ancestral female line takes back to a common ancestor maternal line for everyones mitochrondra

Question 35

how are humans variated?

Answer 35

highly homogenous SNP and small CNV differences people are more diverse to each other than populations

Question 36

what genes differ between populations

Answer 36

skin hair morphology immune genes earwax