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Building blocks of life > genome structure > Flashcards

genome structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genome?

A

entire nucleic acid information in each cell

used to develop the organism

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2
Q

what is a viruses genome like?

A 
very variable 
DNA or RNA
ss or ds
coding or template
overlapping or multfunctional
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3
Q

prokaryote genomes

A

compact and small
circular
arranged into operons
plasmids are optional extras

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4
Q

eukarytic genomes

A

large
organised to chromosomes
operons rare
genes dont group into functions

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5
Q

do eukaryotic genes group?

A

not into functions

but sometimes essential genes tend to be near each other

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6
Q

what are organellar genomes like?

A

some such as mitochondria and chloroplasta have their own

genomes are separate due to endosymbiosis

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7
Q

what is a protist?

A

diverse grop of unicellular eukaryotes

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8
Q

what are protist cell nucleus like?

A

two kinds:

micronucleus: heriditary and used in sex
macronucleus: working memory, data here to make proteins

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9
Q

key features of protists genomes

A

genome edited in strange ways

ccan edit it before being translated into proteins

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10
Q

what is a centromere used for?

A

at the middle of a chromosome and used for cell division and pulling it apart

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11
Q

whats a telomere used for

A

ends of the chromosomes

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12
Q

what is a chromosome made up of/

A

heterochromic repetetice DNA

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13
Q

how are sex chromosomes structured?

A

XY in mammals

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14
Q

how an sex chromosomes be structured in birds, moths and butterflies

A

WZ
females have WZ
males ave ZZ

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15
Q

types of chromosomal mutations

A 
replication errors
deletion
duplication
translocation
aneuploidy
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16
Q

what does ploidy mean?

A

number of sets

17
Q

define karotype

A

number of chromosomes in a cell

18
Q

what ploidy are humans?

A

diploid

19
Q

what is compartive genomics

A

detecting conservation/divergence of sequences but alos the gene content and order
syntenty

20
Q

what can comparitive genomics look for?

A

evidence for duplications of chromosome regions or whole genome duplications

21
Q

what is the C-value paradox

A

graph of the genome size

looks at the correspondance between complex organisms and genome size

22
Q

what does the c-value paradox expect

A

expect more compacted we are the more genes would be needed
but this doesnt happen
the relationship between organism size and genome size is a loose/not good.

23
Q

what does appear to be driving genome size and complexity?

A

something other than complexity

to do with repetetive DNA as this doest do much for the organism

24
Q

why are humasn bad model organisms

A

very long generation time
small little size
ethical issues

25
Q

what is the human genome project of 1988

A

megaproject to sequence human DNA

26
Q

two projects for sequencing human genome

A

IIHGP

Celera

27
Q

how did IHGP go about go about the human genome project?

A

work was public and open acces
used chromosome walking and bacteria artficial chromsomes BACs
kab work intensive

28
Q

how did celera go about squencing the human gneome?

A

commercial
shutgun sequencing, computationally intensive
take genome and cut it nd sequence small bits
more complicated but less lab work
one human sequenced

29
Q

what were the results of the human genome project?

A

less genes that expected
some genes shared with lots of other animals
largely introns and repetive stuff

30
Q

what percentage of the huma gneome codes for proteisn?

A

2%

31
Q

how did the human genome project explain the c-value paradox

A

most of the huma genome is selif-replicating dna parts that dont contribute to DNA
proportion of genes isnt key but the amoutn of repetitive stuff is

32
Q

what is the current state of the human genome project?

A

not fully sequenced yet
250 gaps
confident, few errors

33
Q

how many base pairs do we have?

A

3.2 billion

34
Q

what is miotchondrial eve

A

following the ancestral female line takes back to a common ancestor
maternal line for everyones mitochrondra

35
Q

how are humans variated?

A

highly homogenous
SNP and small CNV differences
people are more diverse to each other than populations

36
Q

what genes differ between populations

A

skin
hair morphology
immune genes
earwax

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