Tissues Flashcards
What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What are the 5 types of mature connective tissues?
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone tissue, liquid connective tissue
What are the 2 types of embryonic connective tissues?
Mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue
What are the 3 types of Loose connective tissues?
Areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue
What are the 3 types of dense connective tissues?
Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, elastic connective tissue
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
What are the 2 types of liquid connective tissues?
Blood and lymph
What are the shape classifications of epithelial tissues?
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
What are the layer classifications of epithelial tissues?
Simple, stratified and pseudostratified
What are the main five types of cell junctions? (5)
Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and gap junctions
What is the structure of tight junctions?
Consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes
What are examples of tight junctions?
Stomach lining, intestines and urinary bladder.
Inhibit the passage of substances between cells, prevent contents from leaking
What are adherens junctions?
Have plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane protein and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Cadherins join the cell. Cadherin inserts into plaque, partially crosses intercellular space.
What are cadherins?
Transmembrane glycoproteins that help join within adherens junctions and desmosomes
What is the structure of desmosomes?
Have plaque, transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space and attach cells to one another. Plaque attaches to elements of cytoskeleton - intermediate filaments
Where are desmosomes?
Common among epidermis and among cardiac muscles.
Prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.
What is the structure of hemidesmosomes?
Transmembrane proteins are integrins. Inside of plasma membrane, integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of keratin. Outside = integrins attach to protein laminin.
What is the structure of gap junctions?
Membrane proteins called connexions form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexions connecting cells. Separated by a narrow intercellular gap, for tissue communication
Where are gap junctions?
In developing embryos, nervous system, contraction of muscle in heart, gastrointestinal tract and uterus.
Allow nerve/muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells.
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Helps process of filtration (like kidneys), diffusion (oxygen into blood vessels of lungs) and secretion (serous membranes)
Where is simple squamous epithelium?
Endothelium = cardiovascular and lymphatic linings Mesothelium = epithelial layer of serous membranes, like peritoneum, pleura, pericardium
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium?
Covers surface of ovary, lines anterior surface of capsule of the lens (eye), lines kidney tubules, smaller ducts of many glands, makes secretory portion of some glands such as thyroid
What is the function of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Secretion and absorption
Where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Lining of gastrointestinal tract, ducts of many glands, gallbladder
What is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Cilia beat to move mucus and foreign particles upwards (and out of the throat) Also help move oocytes to be expelled into uterus from fallopian tubes
Where is ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Lines some bronchioles of respiratory ytact, uterine tubes (fallopian), uterus, paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles
Ciliated - sweeps away the mucus
Non-ciliated - functions in absorption / protection
Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Lines airways of most upper respiratory tract
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium? (Non-ciliated)
Lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection against abrasion, water loss, UV radiation and foreign invasion.
Where is stratified squamous epithelium? (Keratinized / Non-keratinized)
Keratinized - superficial layers of skin
Non-keratinized - wet surfaces like lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, vagina and tongue
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Protection and limited secretion and absorption
Where is the stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands, male urethra
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
Protection and secretion
Where is stratified columnar epithelium?
Part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of conjunctiva
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Allows urinary organs to stretch to hold a variable amount of fluid, also protective lining
Where is transitional epithelium?
Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra
What are the 2 types of glandular epithelium?
Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands
What is the function of endocrine glands?
Hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis
What is the function of exocrine glands?
Produce substances (like sweat - to lower body temperature), oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes
What happens to secretions of endocrine glands?
Don’t use a duct, diffuse directly into bloodstream, called hormones
Example of endocrine glands include:
The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
Simple types of (multicellular) exocrine glands include:
Simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple acinar, simple branched acinar
What is the difference between tubular and acinar glands?
Tubular secretory part is straight, acinar secretory part is rounded
Compound types of (multicellular) glands include:
Compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar
Where are exocrine glands found?
Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of the skin, digestive glands (salivary), pancreas
What is the function of connective tissues?
Binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues, protects & insulates organs, compartmentalizes structures, can be a transport system (ie. blood), main source of immune responses
What are the types of connective tissue cells? (6)
Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, white blood cells
What are the types of fibres embedded in extracellular matrix? (3)
Collagen, elastic and reticular fibres
What are the properties of collagen fibres?
Very strong, resists pulling forces, allows some tissue flexibility
What are the properties of elastic fibres?
Branch together to form a fibrous network, elastin + fibrillin add strength and stability; allow elasticity
What are the properties of reticular fibres?
provides support and strength
