Introduction Flashcards
Define anatomy
The study of structure and the relationships among structures
Define physiology
Deals with the functioning of organisms and their parts / and how they work
List a few branches of anatomy
Embryology; developmental biology; cell biology; histology; sectional anatomy; gross anatomy; systemic anatomy; regional anatomy; surface anatomy; imaging anatomy; pathological anatomy
What is embryology?
Study of (in humans) the first eight weeks of development after fertilisation of the egg
What is developmental biology?
The study of the complete developmental history of an individual from fertilisation to death
What is cell biology?
study of cellular structure and function
What is histology?
study of microscopic structure of tissues
What is sectional anatomy?
study of internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections
What is gross anatomy?
study of structures that can be examined without using a microscope
What is systemic anatomy?
study of structure specific systems of the body (such as nervous)
What is regional anatomy?
study of specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
What is surface anatomy?
study of surface markings of the body to understand the relationships of deep or internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
What is imaging anatomy?
study of body structures that can be visualized with x-rays, CT scans, MRI and so on
What is pathological anatomy?
study of structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease
What are the levels of organization ? (6)
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic system and immunity, nervous system, endocrine system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system & reproductive system
What are components of the integumentary system?
skin, structures like hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands, the subcutaneous layer
What are functions of the integumentary system?
to protect the body; help regulate body temperature; eliminate some wastes; help make vitamin D; detect sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold); stores fat and provides insulation
What are components of the skeletal system?
bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
What are functions of the skeletal system?
support and protect the body; provide a surface area for muscle attachments; aid body movements; house cells that produce blood cells; store minerals and lipids
What are components of the muscular system?
specifically skeletal muscle tissue - muscle usually attached to bones
What are functions of the muscular system?
participates in bringing about body movements; producing heat
What are components of the cardiovascular system?
blood, heart, and blood vessels
What are functions of the cardiovascular system?
heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
What are components of the lymphatic system and immunity?
Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
What are functions of the lymphatic system and immunity?
Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
What are components of the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as the eyes and ears
What are functions of the nervous system?
generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
What are components of the endocrine system?
hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
What are functions of the endocrine system?
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ
What are components of the respiratory system?
lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe) and bronchial tubes within the lungs
What are functions of the respiratory system?
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
What are components of the digestive system?
organs of gastrointestinal tract - a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are functions of the digestive system?
Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
What are components of the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What are functions of the urinary system?
produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
What are components of the reproductive system?
Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (such as uterine or fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus deferenses, and penis in males)
What are functions of the reproductive system?
Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
What are some examples of life processes?
metabolism; responsiveness; movement; growth; differentiation; reproduction
What is a membrane?
A thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions or connects structures.
What is the pleura?
A serous membrane associated with the lungs.
What is the pericardium?
Serous membrane of the heart
What is the peritoneum?
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
What is a disorder?
Any abnormality of structure and /or function.
What is a disease?
Disease is a specific term for an illness characterized by symptoms + signs in which body structures / functions are altered
What are the body cavities?
Cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity (pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum), abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
