Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SfM topics > Tissues 2 > Flashcards

Tissues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where do exocrine glands secrete their product?

A

via duct/ tubes/ lumens ONTO epithelial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens to exocrine gland during morphology process?

A

cells proliferate and invagination occurs creating a duct UNDER the epithelial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where do endocrine glands secrete their product?

A

into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens to endocrine glands during morphology process?

A

cells lose contact with their epithelial surface forming a dumbbell shape SEPARATE from the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 2 types of simples exocrine glands?

A
  1. tubular

2. acinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the shape of a tubular exocrine gland?

A

elongated, tube-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the shape of an acinar exocrine gland?

A

spherical, grape-like, can be coiled/branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the compound exocrine gland called?

A

tubuloacinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the shape of a tubuloacinar gland? (compound gland)

A

have branched duct system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do tubular glands tend to produce?

A

liquid solutions, watery solutions (e.g. salivery gland produces saliva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do acinar glands tend to produce?

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do tubuloacinar glands tend to produce?

A

thick mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 3 ways secretory products are released from cells?

A
  1. merocrine secretion
  2. apocrine secretion
  3. holocrine secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does discharge of secretions occur in merocrine secretion? and where?

A
  • process of exocytosis (most common form of secretion)

- proteins usually secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does discharge of secretions occur apocrine secretion? and where?

A
  • discharge of free unbroken membrane-bound vesicles containing the secretory product
  • applies to lipid secretory products in breasts and some sweat glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does discharge of secretions occur in holocrine secretions? and where?

A
  • discharge of whole secretory cells
  • cells disintegrate once released to release secretory product
  • applies to sebaceous glands (lubrication for hair and skin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what 2 influences do glands have?

A

hormonal and nerbous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are myoepithelial cells?

A
  • contractile cells which lie between the secretory cell and the basement membrane (induce secretion)
  • specific to EXOCRINE glands
  • surround the gland; similar to muscle cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 2 types of exocrine glands?

A
  1. mucous glands

2. serous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what substance is mucus rich in?

A

proteoglycans (sugar branches which help to absorb water), jelly-like (thick and sticky), e.g. in trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what substances are usually released from serous glands?

A

enzymes, e.g. in pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the steps for protein synthesis and production (4)

A
  1. Transcription in nucleus (mRNA made)
  2. Translation in ribosome (mRNA read, tRNA joining to produce a peptide chain)
  3. polypeptide chain grows in RER
  4. protein transported to golgi where it’s packed and modified
  5. vesicle pinches off golgi and released protein by exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do substances produced by endocrine glands enter blood circulation?

A

through diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the dumbbell shape of clumped/grouped of secretory cells in endocrine glands surrounded by>

A

vast network of blood vessels for quick diffusion (e.g. hormone secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what two products tens to be secreted through endocrine glands?

A
  1. proteins (hormones)

2. steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how is cholesterol transported around the body?

A

on lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what essential compound is needed for steroids?

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is cholesterol produced?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is bad and good cholesterol?

A

good: HDL, high density lipoprotein (protective)
bad: : LDL, low density lipoprotein (plaques)

30
Q

what are 2 epithelial components of the liver?

A
  1. parenchyma; hepatocytes (epithelial cells) found between blood vessels, involved in secretions
  2. support epithelial cells; line blood vessels and bile ducts
31
Q

is the kidney an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

exocrine gland

32
Q

which part of the kidney is involved in filtrations?

A

Bowman’s capsule

33
Q

in what location of the kidneys does absorption and secretion occur?

A

loop of Henle (medulla)

34
Q

what are 2 epithelial component of the kidney?

A
  1. parenchyma; epithelial cells organised into nephrons, filter blood, partial absorption of filtrate and releases urine from kidney
  2. support epithelial cells: line blood vessels, lines renal pelvis which receives toxic urine
35
Q

what is meant by partial absorption in the kidney?

A

waste is excreted but only the essential substances are absorbed back into the body

36
Q

what are the 5 main abnormal functions of epithelial cells?

A
  1. over proliferation
  2. under proliferation
  3. over secretion
  4. under secretion
  5. loos of cillia/ cilliary beat
37
Q

what are 2 main pituitary abnormalities?

A
  1. pituitary dwarfism

2. gigantism

38
Q

what disease can an abnormality in the mucous glands lead to?

A

chlamydia trachomatis (STD)

39
Q

why can overproduction of mucus in chlamydia lead to sterility?

A

ovum can no longer be released and travel down fallopian tube because of the mucus treatment; ovum and sperm can become trapped

40
Q

what are some types of connective tissue?

A
  1. blood/bone marrow
  2. mucous (foetal development)
  3. reticular (around kidney,spleen, lymph nodes)
  4. loose
  5. dense regular/irregular
  6. cartilage
  7. bone
  8. fat (in bone marrow and mesenteric fat)
41
Q

What type of proteins is the ECM a network of?

A

insoluble proteins

42
Q

what 3 components make up the ECM?

A
  1. fibres (solid, rope-like)
  2. ground substance (jelly- like)
  3. tissue fluid (liquid)
43
Q

what is ground substance made of?

A

mixture of long unbranched polysaccharide chains of several types including proteoglycans and glucosaminoglycans

44
Q

what 3 connective fibres are there?where is each found?

A
  1. collagen (e.g. tendon)
  2. reticulin (eg. lymph)
  3. elastin (e.g. aorta)
45
Q

properties of collagen

A
  • stretch-resistant (inelastic bu flexible)
  • most abundant protein in the body
  • provisions of tensile strength
  • formed by fibroblasts (fibre producing cells)
46
Q

properties of reticulin

A
  • made from 3 types of collagen
  • found in soft tissues
  • can phagocytose bacteria
47
Q

properties of elastin

A
  • arranged as fibres and discontinuous sheets in the ECM
  • found in skin, lungs, blood vessels
  • deposition of elastin in the form of fibres requires microfibrils
48
Q

where is type 1 collagen found?

A

tendons

49
Q

where is type 3 collagen found?

A

reticulin (elastic)

50
Q

where is type 4 collagen found?

A

basal lamina (non-fibrous)

51
Q

which organs/soft tissues contain reticulin (type 3 collagen)? (5)

A

liver, spleen ,lymph nodes, bone marrow and thymus

52
Q

what is the main property of reticulin which makes them unique?

A

ability to phagocytose particles (old/ worn out cells)

found in lymph filled and blood spaces (can pick up bacteria in lymph)

53
Q

what are 2 components of elastin?

A

microfibrils and amorphous

54
Q

what is the colour of elastin?

A

yellow-ish

55
Q

what is the role of fibrillin?

A

constituent of elastic fibres, plays a role in orderly deposition of the fibres

56
Q

what is the role of fibronectin?

A

plays a role in controlling deposition and orientation of collagen in ECM

57
Q

what is ground substance made of?

A

proteoglycans (protein core +GAGs) and hyaluronic acid

58
Q

what is GAG?

A

unbranched polysaccharide consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit

59
Q

are GAGs acidic or alkaline?

A

acidic; -ve charged due to presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate side groups

60
Q

what is the role of glycoproteins?

A

important in cell-cell recognition (for cells to know what and where they are)

61
Q

what is tissue fluid/interstitial fluid mainly composed of? (keeps ECM wet)

A

sugars, fatty acids, salts, amino acids, hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, waste products

62
Q

what are the 3 MAIN connective tissues?

A
  1. loose connective tissue (permanent/fixed cells)
  2. dense regular tissue
  3. dense irregular tissue
63
Q

function of loose connective tissue

A
  • most common type
  • holds organs together and attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissue
  • made of callagen, reticulin and elastin
  • contains fibroblasts, macrohpages, adipocytes, mast cells and undifferentaited mysenchyma cells
64
Q

where is loose connective tissue found?

A
  • lungs
    -bladder
  • blood vessels
    ALL can expand, dilate, constrict etc
65
Q

properties of dense regular tissue

A
  • bundled in parallel fashion
  • ONLY collagen fibres ( no elastin or reticulin)
  • connect body and tissues
  • has linear structure and strength in one direction
66
Q

where is dense regular tissue found?

A

tendons (muscle to bone connection)

67
Q

properties of dense irregular tissue

A
  • NOT bundled in parallel fashion
  • mainly consists of collagen but fibroblasts and ground substance also present
  • quite convoluted
68
Q

where is dense irregular tissue found?

A

large portion of the skin (dermis)

69
Q

what disease can abnormal function of blood/ bone marrow (connective tissue) lead to?

A

leukaemia

70
Q

what disease can abnormal function of loose/denser tissue (connective tissue) lead to?

A

degeneration (loss/abnormal fibres)

71
Q

what disease can abnormal function of bone (connective tissue) lead to?

A

osteoporosis

72
Q

what can happen with abnormal function of cartilage (connective tissue)?

A

tears (or epidermolysis bullosa; fragile/ butterfly skin)

SfM topics (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions