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SfM topics > Nerves 1 > Flashcards

Nerves 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 parts make up the CNS?

A
  1. the brain

2. the spinal cord

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2
Q

what does PNS do?

A

carry peripheral nerves and information into and out of CNS

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3
Q

what 3 systems is the nervous system divided into?

A
  1. autonomic nervous system
  2. somatic nervous system
  3. enteric nervous system
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4
Q

what is autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary control (e.g. heart rate, breathing, endocrine and exocrine glands)

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5
Q

what is somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary control (e.g. movement, skeletal muscle and motor neurones involved in movement)

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6
Q

what is enteric nervous system? (often controlled by autonomic division)

A

involuntary control; in the walls of the digestive tracts in GI tract

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7
Q

what is CNS contained within?

A

bone (spine or skull)

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8
Q

why is the brain convoluted shape?

A

to maximise neurone numbers and create big sheets of neurones (increasing neurone connections through maximising surface area)

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9
Q

what are 4 lobes found in the brain?

A
  1. frontal
  2. occipital
  3. temporal
  4. parietal
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10
Q

what is the function of frontal lobe?

A

controls behaviour, personality, creates thoughts/emotions, coordinates information from other association areas, contains pre-motor cortices

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11
Q

what is the function of parietal lobe?

A

contains sensory information from muscoskeletal system, viscera and taste buds (has somatosensory system/cortex)

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12
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

combines auditory and visual data (contains primary auditory complex)

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13
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

interprets light signals in your eyes into shapes and patterns (contains primary visual cortex)

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14
Q

what is the function of the meninges?

A
  • contain CSF to support the brain
  • contain no ligaments to hold it in place
  • membranes found around the brain and the spinal cord
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15
Q

what is the gyrus?

A

the top part of the high/top part of the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

what is the sulcus?

A

the low part of the high cerebral cortex?

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17
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • balance and coordination
  • motor control
  • coordinates movement, muscle tone control, posture etc
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18
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum?

A
  • 4 lobes make it up and on the frontal side of the brain
  • thoughts and emotions formed there
  • contains integrated sensory complex and neural functions
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19
Q

What two parts is the diencephalon composed of?

A
  1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

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20
Q

What two glands does the diencephalon contain?

A
  1. pituitary gland

2. pineal gland (where melatonin which regulates our 24hr body clock is produced)

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21
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • transmits sensory info and serves as a relay station for information going to and from higher brain centres
  • projects fibres to the cerebrum where info is processed
  • can modify sensory info from regions such as optic tract, ears, spinal cord and motor info from cerebellum
  • It’s an INTEGRATING centre
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22
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • site of homeostasis

- integrates hormonal and nervous systems together for thermal control, fluid control etc.

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23
Q

what are the 3 brain stems?

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
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24
Q

what functions is the midbrain associated with?

A

part of CNS associated with motor, hearing, vision and temperature control/regulation

25
Q

what is function of pons?

A

connect two sides of the cerebral cortex (connect forebrain to cerebellum)

26
Q

what is function of medulla oblongata?

A

heart rate and breathing (involuntary actions keeping us alive) + cardiovascular system control

27
Q

how many VERTEBRAE are there in the spinal column?

A

33 vertebrae

28
Q

what are the 33 vertebrae split into? how many in each section of vertebral column?

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacral: 5
coccyx: 4

29
Q

how many SPINAL NERVES are there in the vertebral column?

A

31 spinal nerves

30
Q

What are the 31 spinal nerves split into in each section of vertebral column?

A

cervical: 8
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacral :5
coccyx: 1

31
Q

which two regions of spinal cord are the thickest because of need for movement?

A

Cervical and lumbar regions

32
Q

which route does sensory info flow into?

A

dorsal route (TOP)

33
Q

which route does motor info travel out of?

A

ventral route (BOTTOM)

34
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

set/ group/cluster of cell bodies

35
Q

what is the main ganglion found on the posterior root of the spinal nerve?

A

dorsal root ganglion

36
Q

what is in the white matter? (outside)

A

axons (myelinated)

37
Q

what is in the grey matter? (inside)

A

cell bodies/ neurones

38
Q

what are afferent nerve fibres?

A

sensory nerve fibres

39
Q

what are efferent nerve fibres?

A

motor nerve fibres ( e=exit)

40
Q

in the middle of the spinal cord, what is the jumble of cells called?

A

inter-neurones

41
Q

what is the name for a neurone cell body?

A

soma

42
Q

what is the function of soma? (2)

A
  • contains the nucleus

- cytoprotein production site

43
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A
  • receive info from other neurones

connection between 2 neurones

44
Q

what is the function of an axon hillock (initial segment)?

A
  • triggers action potential

- all info needed for an AP is arranged there

45
Q

what is the function of an axon?

A
  • sends AP (conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and transmits information)
  • Na gated channels which fire AP are initiated there and sent AP to a distant site
46
Q

what is the function of axon pre-synaptic terminal?

A

releases neurotransmitters which act on the next nerve cell to make a new electrical signal

47
Q

what are 3 main types of neurones?

A
  1. afferent (sensory) neurones
  2. interneurones
  3. efferent (motor) neurones
48
Q

where are afferent/ sensory neurones found and what is their function?

A

Found in PNS; detect things in environment

49
Q

where are interneurones found and what is their function?

A

found in CNS; decide what to do with the signal

50
Q

where are efferent/motor neurones found and what is their function?

A

found in PNS; sends signal and responds to the stimulus

51
Q

describe how a signal travels through the spinal cord (what nerves and routes involved)

A
  1. stimulus sends signal to sensory neurone/afferent neurone along DORSAL route to the CNS
  2. the signal travels into VENTRAL route, through the motor/ efferent neurone and to the effector into PNS
52
Q

what percentage of nerve cells in body are glia?

A

90%

53
Q

what is the function of glia? (2)

A
  • provide structure and support for neurones (physical and biochemical)
  • help maintain homeostasis of the brain’s extracellular fluid by taking up excess brain metabolites and ions
54
Q

what are 4 types of glia?

A
  1. astrocyte
  2. oligodendrocyte
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
55
Q

what is the function of an astrocyte?

A
  • maintain external environment for neurones
  • surround blood vessels and produce blood brain barrier
  • “keep neurones happy”
  • maintain extracellular ion conc.; make capillaries tight to prevent ion leakage around CNS neurones (take up K and neurotransmitters)
56
Q

what is the function of oligodentrocytes?

A
  • form myelin sheaths in the CNS

- they’re wrapped around neurones and involved in myelination process

57
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A
  • phagocytic hoovers which “mop up” infection

- secrete antibodies in presence of infection and engulf pathogens

58
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A
  • pruduce CSF
  • separate fluid compartments in the CNS
  • have big surface area

SfM topics (21 decks)

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