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SfM topics > LACL3 > Flashcards

LACL3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can be converted from one form to another, but the total energy of the universe remains CONSTANT

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2
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

all energy transformations ultimately lead to more disorder in the universe (increase entropy in the universe)

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3
Q

what is entropy?

A

randomness/chaos/ disorder in a closed system increases

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4
Q

what is an enclosed system?

A
  • collection of molecules that does not exchange matter with the rest of the universe
  • energy is distributed between atoms
  • everything is highly organised in life (ordered and balanced)
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5
Q

why are cells regarded as “open systems”?

A

take energy from the sun and food to generate order

to generate order, they become disordered, so entropy increases

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6
Q

to produce order inside a cell, cells release heat which creates what?

A

disorder (entropy increase)

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7
Q

what is Gibbs Free energy?

A

direct measure of entropy change of the universe and how far it’s from the equilibrium

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8
Q

Free energy in a closed system can be defined by which 3 quantities?

A
  1. enthalpy (H): heat released to surroundings
  2. entropy (S): randomness and disorder
  3. T: absolute temperature
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9
Q

what is the equation of free energy?

A

G= H-TS

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10
Q

what are the 2 conditions for a spontaneous reaction to happen?

A

System must..

  1. give up energy
  2. become more random and increases in entropy
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11
Q

What do spontaneous reactions need to kickstart them?

A

Energy needs to be put into them ( to become more disordered)

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12
Q

does a spontaneous reaction release energy?

A

yes

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13
Q

how does a spontaneous reaction affect the enthalpy and entropy?

A

entropy: increases (-ve delta G)
enthalpy: decreases

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14
Q

what delta G value do spontaneous and non-spontanous reactions have?

A

spontaneous: -ve delta G

non-spontanoeus: +ve delta G

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15
Q

reactions such as formation of proteins, DNA, chemical, organs etc. will have what sort of delta G value?

A

+ve; biological processes require lots of order (need to be non-spontaneous= less entropy)

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16
Q

what process is used to carry out thermodynamically unfavourable reaction>

A

energy coupling

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17
Q

what is energy coupling exactly?

A
  • ongoing energy cycle
  • energetically favourable reactions release energy (break things down into original components) and is continuously used for energetically unfavourable reaction producing biological order (synthesising)
18
Q

why is the overall entropy increasing in energy coupling?

A

because more molecules will be going through the energetically favourable reaction so delta G will be more negative (entropy/ disorder increases)

19
Q

is breaking molecules (favourable reaction ) the “driving” part of the energy coupling cycle?

A

yes; it’s bigger (therefore entropy increases)

20
Q

what is catabolism?

A
  • Breaking molecules
  • energetically favourable
  • delta G= -ve
  • release energy
    eg. food molecule broken down into oxidised food source
21
Q

what is anabolism?

A
  • synthesising molecules
  • energetically unfavourable
  • delta G= +ve
  • requires energy
    e. g. molecule available in a cell changed into molecule needed by the cell (making new things)
22
Q

what are activated carrier molecules?

A
  • energy stored in them as chemical bond energy
  • carry bond energy from site of energy generation (release) to site where energy is used (biosynthesis)
  • readily transfer chemical groups or electrons
  • serve as both source of energy and chemical groups
  • store energy in an easily exchangeable form and are readily transferable
23
Q

what are activated carrier molecules sometimes referred to as?

A

co-enzymes (e.g. ATP, NADH, NADPH)

24
Q

what do coupled reactions achieve?

A

energetically favourable reaction drives energetically unfavourable reaction to produce activated carrier molecule to transfer energy in usable form (to prevent it from wasting and being released as heat)

25
Q

define metabolism

A

chemical process in a living organism by which food is sued for tissue growth (energy production)

26
Q

do spontaneous reactions reach equilibrium?

A

no; they move towards it but never reach equilibrium

27
Q

what is an exergonic process?

A

release of energy (catabolic reaction)

28
Q

what is an endergonic process?

A

absorption of energy (anabolic reaction)

29
Q

what is each metbaolic step catalysed by?

A

enzymes

30
Q

define coupled reaction

A

energetically favourable reaction is used to drive the energetically unfavourable one that produces an activated carrier molecules or some other useful energy store

31
Q

describe ATP-ADP interconversions in terms of catabolic and anabolic pathways

A
  1. ATP has a higher potential energy than ADP and Pi so hydrolysis occurs; catabolic, favourable, exergonic (-ve), high entropy
  2. ADP to ATP condensation occurs; anabolic, unfavourable,, endergonic (+ve), low entropy
32
Q

what is the most widely used activated carrier molecule?

A

ATP (best currency of energy)

33
Q

is synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, energtically unfavourable

A

yes (synthesis, anabolic reaction)

34
Q

What is catabolism in terms of complex and simple molecules?

A

Breaking:

from complex to simple molecules

35
Q

what is anabolism in terms of complex and simple molecules?

A

Forming/synthesis:

from simple to complex molecules

36
Q

When glucose is broken down into PEP and then pyruvate , the potential energy from PEP can take two route, what are they?

A
  1. energy released is used in pyruvate formation
    OR
  2. energy saved as potential energy in an ATP molecule
37
Q

what is the most common energy conversion step?

A

ATP–> ADP + Pi

38
Q

what is responsible for production of energy in all cells?

A

electron flow

39
Q

define electron motive force

A

describing electrons can accomplish work as they pass through chemical intermediates, the difference in potential that tends to give rise to the electron current

40
Q

what are some common activated carrier molecules?

A
  1. ATP; carries Pi group
  2. NADH/NADPH, FADH2: electrons and H
  3. Acetyl CoA: carries acetyl groups
  4. carboxylated biotin; carboxyl groups
  5. S-adenosylmethionine: methyl groups
41
Q

spontaneous reactions summary

A
  • -ve delta G
  • energy release
  • energetically favourable
  • entropy increases
  • NO order
  • catabolic (breaks things down)
  • exergonic
42
Q

non-spontaneous reactions summary

A
  • +ve delta G
  • energy taken in
  • energetically unfavourable
  • entropy decreases
  • ORDER
  • anabolic (synthesises)
  • endergonic

SfM topics (21 decks)

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