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SfM topics > Tissues 1 > Flashcards

Tissues 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 things is the human body mainly composed of?

A
  1. cells
  2. ECM (shape+structure)
  3. tissue fluid (removes waste+metabolites)
  4. organs
  5. tissues
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2
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. nerve
  2. muscle
  3. connective
  4. epithelial
    (nobody ever compliments me)
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3
Q

what is a tissue?

A

specialised cells which have the same function

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4
Q

what is function of epithelial tissue? (3)

A
  • covers surfaces (e.g. wall of body organs) and open cavities (e.g. digestive and respiratory systems)
  • sheets of connected cells
  • separates compartments
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5
Q

what are some of the secondary functions which epithelial tissue cells often have? :3

A

secretion, absorption, retaining (forms glands)

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6
Q

what structures often have epithelial tissue linings?

A

blood vessels, lungs, skin, gut etc.

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7
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • connects!
  • provides internal support, can include bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage and adipose
  • structural and metabolic support (supports, binds, separates)
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8
Q

what are the 2 main constituents of connective tissues?

A
  1. cell
  2. ECM
    Both define its function and structure
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9
Q

It’s not cells which define connective tissue, but it’s…

A

extracellular proteins in the matrix

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10
Q

what are 3 main examples of connect tissue?

A
  1. blood
  2. bone
  3. adipose
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11
Q

what is the matrix of fat composed of?

A

liquid AND solid

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12
Q

what is the main protein in blood?

A

albumin; regulates osmotic pressure and binds and transports other molecules in blood

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13
Q

what is the main mineral found in bone?

A

calcium phosphate

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14
Q

where are ligaments found?

A

between bone and bone

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15
Q

where are tendons found?

A

between bone and muscle

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16
Q

where is cartilage found?

A

between bones and joints

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17
Q

what are 3 types of connective tissues?

A
  1. fibroblasts; produce collagen, maintain ECM/material
  2. adipocytes; storage and metabolism of fat
  3. mast cells and tissue macrophages; defence and immune function
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18
Q

what is the main property of the muscle tissue?

A

it’s contractile and can generate force

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19
Q

what do muscle cells look like?

A

long and thin fibre units (stacked with mitochondria, actin and myosin)

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20
Q

what are 3 types of muscle cells?

A
  1. skeletal (moves skeleton/body)
  2. smooth (no contractile units)
  3. cardiac (associated with heart and blood vessels, synchronised)
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21
Q

what is the main function of nerve tissue?

A 
integrates communication
(receives, generates and transmits information and electrical signal)
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22
Q

how does epithelial tissue maintain the coverage of surfaces? (3)

A
  1. no contact inhibition
  2. cell-cell junctions (cell adhesion)
  3. cell- ECM junctions
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23
Q

what are cell-cell junctions?

A
  • stick cells together
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24
Q

what is the function of desmosomes? (macula adherens)

A
  1. firm anchorage
  2. localised patches which are attached to intermediate filaments of keratin in cytoplasm
    - keep surfaces intact, prevent leaky surfaces
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25
Q

what is another name for tight junctions?

A

occluding junctions

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26
Q

what is the function of tight/occluding junctions?

A
  • seals intracellular spaces (gaps between epithelial cells)
  • waterproof
    -whatever is absorbed by cell stays there, ensures max. absorption
    -has network of claudins
    -prevent migration of floating membrane proteins
    “stitched together cells”
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27
Q

what is another name for gap junction?

A

channel forming junction

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28
Q

what is the function of gap/channel forming junction?

A
  • cell-cell communication
  • similar to gap junctions but have small pores/holes for small ion and molecule transfer between cells
  • contain rosettes of proteins
29
Q

what structures are pores found inside in gap junctions?

A

rosettes (form intercalated discs)

30
Q

what are pores in gap junctions very sensitive to?

A

calcium

31
Q

what is denied access through pores in gap junctions?

A

large molecules and negative ions

32
Q

what makes up the intracellular gap in gap junctions?

A

connexons

33
Q

how many subunits make up connexons?

A

6 subunits

34
Q

where are gap junctions found in larger numbers?

A

cell which :
-exchange of chemical messengers for cell recognition
-differentiation
-passage of nutrients from cell to cell
-control of cell position
such as cardiac cells where synchronisation is crucial

35
Q

what are anchoring junctions?

A
  • present in discrete patches holding adjacent cells together
  • adherens (zonula adherens) and desmosomes (macula adherens) make it up
  • anchorage for cytoskeletons of both cells to form a single functioning unit
36
Q

what are adherens junctions linked to?

A

actin skeleton (links it with the cell)

37
Q

what are desmosomes linked to?

A

link keratain filaments in to cells

38
Q

what 2 proteins are found in anchoring junctions?

A
  1. cartherines

2. catenins

39
Q

what are ECM anchoring junctions?

A
  • hemidesmosomes anchor cell to basal lamina (BL)

- membrane integrins linked by hemidesmosomes to BL on basement membrane

40
Q

what is the basement membrane composed of? (2)

A
  1. basal lamina

2. reticular lamina

41
Q

what is the basal lamina?

A
  • layer of ECM/ basement membrane
  • epithelium sits on it
  • it’s “fuzzy”
42
Q

what is the reticular lamina?

A
  • it’s “stringy”
  • layer which lies below BL
  • anchors BL to underlying connective tissue
43
Q

what is the basement membrane? (6)

A
  • condensed layer of EC material
  • provides support
  • binds epithelium to underlying supportive tissue
  • controls epithelial growth
  • permits flow of nutrients to and from epithelium (since no blood vessels)
  • regulates permeability
44
Q

what is the function of thick epithelium?

A

wear and tear (e.g. skin)

45
Q

what is the function of thin epithelium?

A

diffusion; exchange of materials

46
Q

what are cillia? (singular: cilium)

A
  • finger-like projections from apical surface
  • found on cell surfaces
  • beat in wave-like manner generating a current which propels fluid along epithelial surface
  • create physical movement
  • extensions of the cell, sweep mucus to remove dust e.g. in lungs
47
Q

what is the microtubule arrangement in cilia?

A

9+2 arrangement

48
Q

what are microvilli?

A
  • smaller and thinner than cilia projections found on cells surfaces
  • increase and maximise SA for absorption and secretion
  • form a “brush border”so metabolites can be easily absorbed
49
Q

which area of the body has a larger number of microvilli for maximum absorption?

A

small intestine

50
Q

what is protein which makes up the microvilli and supports it?

A

actin

51
Q

what are properties of squamous epithelium?

A
  • single cell thickness
  • used for diffusion of tiny molecules, secretion and absorption
  • provide little protection against mechanical abrasion
52
Q

where is squamous epithelium found?

A
  • air sacks in lungs (alveoli)
  • lining of blood vessels (endothelium)
  • lining of body cavities (mesothelium)
53
Q

what are properties of cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • all cells same height and width (squares)
  • single cell but standing up
  • used for secretion and absorption
  • slightly thicker than squamous
54
Q

where is cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • small collective ducts in kidneys
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
55
Q

what are properties of columnar epithelium?

A
  • single cell but standing up
  • much longer
  • used for secretion and absorption
  • nuclei elongated and may be found near base, centre or apex of cytoplasm (known as polarity)
  • most are ciliated
56
Q

where is columnar epithelium found?

A
  • small intestine

- stomach (where lots of secretion/absorption takes place)

57
Q

what does the word stratified epithelia mean?

A

several layers on top of each other (more than 2 layers)

58
Q

what are properties of squamous stratified epithelium?

A
  • can withstand abrasion

- poorly adapted for desiccation (extreme dryness)

59
Q

where is squamous stratified epithelium found? (5)

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
    -oesophagus
    -anal canal
    -uterine cervix and vagina
    (places which secrete mucus/moist)
60
Q

what are properties of cuboidal stratified epithelium?

A
  • provides more sturdy lining rather than being involved in secretion/absorption
61
Q

where is cuboidal and columnar stratified epithelium found?

A

lining of large excretory ducts of exocrine glands e.g. salivary glands

62
Q

what are properties of stratified transitional epithelium?

A
  • cells look like frog spawn
  • epithelium can accommodate volume and can stretch
  • cells are irregular because of constant shape changes
  • can withstand large volumes and toxicity
  • transitional as it’s between stratified squamous and cuboidal epithelia
63
Q

where is stratified transitional epithelia found?

A

found in URINARY system

  • cells can withstand volume and toxicity of urine
  • found in bladder, urethra and ureters
64
Q

what are properties of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • looks like stratified but it’s NOT
  • nuclei found at different levels, tall and columnar
  • all cells are found on BL but give an illusion of being stratified- they are NOT
  • contain cilia
65
Q

what 2 characteristics can be used to distinguish between pseudostratified and stratified epithelia?

A
  1. pseudostratified exhibit polarity (nucleus found on the basal 2/3 of the cell)
  2. cillia are never present on stratified epithelia, but found on pseudostratified
66
Q

what are glandular epithelia? (glands)

A
  • invaginations of epithelial surfaces which are formed during embryonic development by proliferation of epithelium into underlying tissues
  • involved in secretion
  • more specialised than regular tissue
67
Q

what is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver (produces chemicals such as bile)

68
Q

what is an EXOCRINE gland?

A

secretes into tubes, closed gaps, lumens, gut surfaces (outside the blood)

69
Q

what is an ENDOCRINE gland?

A

secretes into bloodstream/ circulatory system (inside the blood)

SfM topics (21 decks)

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