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SfM topics > Carbohydrates 6: Terminal respiration > Flashcards

Carbohydrates 6: Terminal respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to form ATP or GTP.

  • occurs in glycolysis
  • little ATP made
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2
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • The formation of ATP through the complex processes of oxidation coupled to the movement of electrons and production of proton gradients, most of which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • process requires oxygen to act as an electron acceptor coupled to the formation of a proton gradient that drives the formation of ATP through the action of ATPase enzyme.
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3
Q

how many electropositive H atoms are being stripped from food molecules at a time?

A

2 at a time

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4
Q

to which two electron carriers are electrons passed to from CAC?

A
  • NAD+

- FAD

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5
Q

the now reduced co-reactants, NADH and FADH2 can now be used in abaolism and what other reaction?

A

terminal respiration (through a series of carrier proteins)

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6
Q

what 2 products are produced when glucose (hexose) is split into pyruvate? (during glycolysis/ substrate level phosphorylation)

A
  1. NADH + H+

2. ATP

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7
Q

what product is produced when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA?

A

NADH + H+

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8
Q

what 3 products are produced when acetyl CoA is made into CO2 during CAC?

A
  1. 3NADH + 3H+
  2. 1 FADH2
  3. 1 GTP
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9
Q

what is the mitochondria the site of?

A

CAC and terminal respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)

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10
Q

what does the mitochondria utilise to produce ATP?

A

proton gradients

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11
Q

what part of the mitochondria is the matrix?

A

liquid part

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12
Q

what part of the mitochondria is the cristae?

A

the folded/ convoluted part (for max. SA)

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13
Q

where is the proton gradient formed?

A

in the matrix

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14
Q

where is majority of NADH and FADH2 formed?

A

in CAC and B oxidatation of fatty acids

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15
Q

where is some NADH also formed?

A

in cytoplasm (during glycolysis)

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16
Q

can cytoplasmic NADH cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

no

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17
Q

what does NADH combine with to create G-3-P which can pass its electrons to FADH2?

A

dihydroxy acetone phosphate

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18
Q

G-3-P combines with FAD to create which molecule?

A

FADH2 (which travels to electron transport chain)

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19
Q

what is the name of the shuttle which transports cytoplasmic NADH in the form of FADH2 for terminal respiration?

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

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20
Q

what produces less ATP in the electron transport chain, oxidation of FADH2 or oxidation of NADH?

A

oxidation of FADH2 (energy price of the glycerol phosphate shuttle)

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21
Q

what enzyme does the complex 1 in the e transport chain use?

A

NADH-Q oxidoreductase

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22
Q

what enzyme does the complex 2 in the e transport chain use?

A

Succinate- Q reductase

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23
Q

what enzyme does the complex 3 in the e transport chain use?

A

Q-cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

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24
Q

what enzyme does the complex 4 in the e transport chain use?

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

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25
Q

what happens at complex 1?

A
  • NADH is oxidised
  • high energy electrons passed to ubiquinone to give ubiquinol (QH2)
  • utilises Fe-S centres and FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
  • pumps H+ into intermembrane space
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26
Q

as 2 electorns travel through complex 1, what do they form?

A

QH2 (ubiquinol)

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27
Q

what 3 substances inhibit e flow from Fe-S centres in the proteins to ubiquinone, therefore blocking the transport chain?

A
  1. amytal (barbiturate)
  2. piercidin A (antibiotic)
  3. rotenone (insecticide)
28
Q

what happens at complex 2?

A
  • FADH2 is oxidised
  • high energy electrons passed to ubiquinone to give ubiquinol (QH2)
  • utilises Fe-S centres to channel electrons
29
Q

where else is succinate- Q reductase enzyme used?

A

in CAC under the guise of sucicnate dehydrogenase

30
Q

what is the function of the heme group (Fe) in the protein?

A
  • blocks stray electrons
  • if electrons leak from system, they can form free radicals of O2 (superoxide) leading to cancer.
  • point mutations near heme groups can give rise to paraganglioma
31
Q

what is another name for ubiquinone?

A

Coenzyme Q10

32
Q

what else can ubiquinone act as?

A

antioxidant (dietary supplement believed to reduce free radicals)

33
Q

what happens at complex 3? (2)

A
  • electrons taken from ubiquinol (QH2) and passed to cytochrome C
  • protons pumped to intrermembrane space
34
Q

how many ubiquinols (QH2) are oxidised to produce how many reduced cytochrome Cs?

A

1 QH2 is oxidised to yiled 2 reduced cytochrome C

35
Q

what happens at complex 4? (3)

A
  • electrons taken from cytochrome C and passed on to molecular O2
  • electrons channeled through Fe-CU centre
  • protons pumped into intermembrane space
36
Q

What is oxidised at complex 1?

A

NADH

37
Q

what is oxidised at complex 2?

A

FADH2

38
Q

what is formed at complex 3?

A

Cytochrome C from ubiquinol (from complexes 1 and 2)

39
Q

what are electrons passed to at complex 4?

A

electrons from cytochrome C passed onto O2 molecule

40
Q

where is the NADH used in terminal respiration from? (3)

A
  • glycolysis
  • CAC
  • B oxidation
41
Q

where is the FADH2 used in terminal respiration from? (2)

A
  • B oxidation

- NADH via glycogen phosphate shuttle

42
Q

what is set up across the inner mitochondria membrane?

A

proton gradient

43
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

as electrons pass through the complexes of the transport chain, protons move from the matrix to the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane

44
Q

what is the movement of protons with particular spatial directionality called?

A

vectoral movement (energy transformation)

45
Q

what do protons on the outside of the membrane act as?

A

store of potential energy

46
Q

what is proton motive force?

A

when electrons are allowed to flow back down their gradient, they release energy to work

47
Q

what is ATP synthase? (ATPase for short?)

A

large multi-unit protein complex on the mitochondrial membrane where protons flow down their concentration gradient back into mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

what does ATPase allow?

A

Protons to pass through it

49
Q

What are the 2 parts which make up ATPase and what do they do?

A

F0 part: membrane bound proton conducting unit (10 subunits)
F1 part: protrudes into the mitochondrial and acts as a catalyst for ATP synthesis (produces lots of ATP form proton motive force energy collected by F0)

50
Q

Which part of the ATPase does “all the work”?

A

F1 part (produces the ATP)

51
Q

in which subunits of the F1 is ATP produced from?

A

Beta subunits

52
Q

as proton enter F0, rotation of F0 cylinder and gamma shaft causes what to Beta-subunits of F1?

A

conformational change

53
Q

In what way (positive/negative) do protons move from?

A

From positive to negative side of the membrane

54
Q

where is the higher concentration of H ions, outside or inside the mitochondrial membrane

A

Outside

55
Q

what are the steps for generating energy at the ATPase complex?

A
  1. 1 proton enters the ATPase complex from intermembrane space
  2. upper part of the ATPase complex rotates every time a new proton enters
  3. once 3 protons entered the matrix space, there is enough energy in ATPase to generate 1 ATP.
56
Q

what happens once the gradient has disapperared when there is no more protons in intermembrane space?

A

no more energy available to make ATP which is why in biological system this gradient ALWAYS exists

57
Q

As electrons pass through complexes 1,2,3 and 4, how many protons from the matrix move outside of the membrane?

A

8 protons

58
Q

ATPase can produce how many ATPs for every 3 protons which move back into the matrix?

A

1 ATP

59
Q

what would happen if the inner mitochondrial membrane became permeable to protons?

A

proton gradient could not be generated and neither could ATP

60
Q

what does it mean when a process is coupled?

A

electron transport is said to be coupled to ATP synthesis

61
Q

what does it mean when a process is uncoupled?

A

no ATP is made since proton gradient is not established, energy is released as heat

62
Q

what disease is caused by “leaky” mitochondrial membranes that uncouple electron transport and ATP synthase?

A

Malignant hypothermia

63
Q

what are people with malignant hypothermia exposed to which makes their mitochondrial membranes leaky?

A

halothane

64
Q

what is an example of intentional uncoupling?

A

brown fat formation in newborn infants

65
Q

what is the name of the channel which sits inside a protein on inner mitochondrial membrane of brown fat cells?

A

thermogenin

66
Q

what causes brown fat to be a brown colour?

A

haem group in proteins

67
Q

what are examples in plants which generate intentional uncoupling?

A
  • arum lily to attract insects
    -skunk cabbage to melt snow
    (generate heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation)

SfM topics (21 decks)

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