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BIOL 223 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Structure: single layer of flat cells, often hexagonal shape; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed as a cross section because the cells are so flat.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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2
Q

Function: diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against function.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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3
Q

Location: lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining go serous membranes of body cavities, and inner surface of the tympanic membranes.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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4
Q

Structure: single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs).

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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5
Q

Function: secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and chord plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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6
Q

Location: kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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7
Q

Structure: single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia or microvilli.

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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8
Q

Function: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines.

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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9
Q

Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain.

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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10
Q

Structure: multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface of the cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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11
Q

Function: protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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12
Q

Location: keratinized–primarily in the skin; nonkeratinized–mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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13
Q

Structure: multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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14
Q

Function: secretion, absorption, protection against infection.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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15
Q

Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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16
Q

Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the cells are ciliated in the larynx.

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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17
Q

Function: protection and secretion.

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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18
Q

Location: mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra.

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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19
Q

Structure: single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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20
Q

Location: lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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21
Q

Structure: stratified cells that appear cube-shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid; the number of layers also decreases on stretch.

A

Transitional Epithelium

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22
Q

Function: accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urine.

A

Transitional Epithelium

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23
Q

Location: lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra.

A

Transitional Epithelium

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24
Q

Function: synthesizes and secrete mucus onto the free surface; move mucus that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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25
Q

Structure: cells within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue.

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

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26
Q

Function: loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated.

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

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27
Q

Location: widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues.

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

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28
Q

Structure: little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell.

A

Adipose Tissue

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29
Q

Function: packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred.

A

Adipose Tissue

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30
Q

Location: predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices.

A

Adipose Tissue

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31
Q

Structure: fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged.

A

Reticular Tissue

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32
Q

Function: provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues.

A

Reticular Tissue

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33
Q

Location: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

A

Reticular Tissue

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34
Q

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction.

A

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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35
Q

Function: able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance.

A

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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36
Q

Location: tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other)

A

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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37
Q

Structure: matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers

A

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

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38
Q

Function: able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation.

A

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

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39
Q

Location: vocal folds and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck.

A

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

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40
Q

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction.

A

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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41
Q

Function: tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions.

A

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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42
Q

Location: sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes.

A

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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43
Q

Structure: matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions.

A

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

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44
Q

Function: capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in several directions.

A

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

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45
Q

Location: Elastic arteries

A

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

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46
Q

Structure: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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47
Q

Function: allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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48
Q

Location: growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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49
Q

Structure: collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles.

A

Fibrocartilage

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50
Q

Function: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure.

A

Fibrocartilage

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51
Q

Location: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis articular disks.

A

Fibrocartilage

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52
Q

Structure: similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers.

A

Elastic Cartilage

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53
Q

Function: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched.

A

Elastic Cartilage

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54
Q

Location: external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes

A

Elastic Cartilage

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55
Q

Structure: lattice like network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae.

A

Spongy Bone

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56
Q

Function: acts as a scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone.

A

Spongy Bone

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57
Q

Location: in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones.

A

Spongy Bone

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58
Q

Structure: hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located within lacunae that are distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals; small passageways connect adjacent lacunae.

A

Compact Bone

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59
Q

Function: provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured.

A

Compact Bone

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60
Q

Location: outer portions of all bones, the shafts of the long bones.

A

Compact Bone

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61
Q

Structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix.

A

Blood

62
Q

Function: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation.

A

Blood

63
Q

Location: within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces.

A

Blood

64
Q

Structure: reticular framework with numerous blood-forming cells (red marrow)

A

Bone Marrow

65
Q

Function: produces new blood cells (red marrow); stores lipids (yellow marrow)

A

Bone Marrow

66
Q

Location: within marrow cavities of bone; two types: 1) red marrow in the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones and 2) yellow marrow, mostly adipose tissue, in the shafts of long bones.

A

Bone Marrow

67
Q

Structure: fibers appear striated; cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery.

A

Skeletal Muscle

68
Q

Function: moves the body; is under voluntary control.

A

Skeletal Muscle

69
Q

Location: attached to bone or other connective tissue.

A

Skeletal Muscle

70
Q

Structure: cylindrical and striated and have a single, centrally located nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions.

A

Cardiac Muscle

71
Q

Function: pumps the blood; is under involuntary control.

A

Cardiac Muscle

72
Q

Location: in the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

73
Q

Structure: tapered at each end, are not striated and have a single nucleus.

A

Smooth Muscle

74
Q

Function: regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose flesh” in the skin; is under involuntary control.

A

Smooth Muscle

75
Q

Location: in hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines.

A

Smooth Muscle

76
Q

Structure: the neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; neuroglia, or support cells, surround the neurons.

A

Multipolar Neuron

77
Q

Function: neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store “information”, and integrate and evaluate data; neuroglia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons.

A

Multipolar Neuron

78
Q

Location: in the brain, spinal cord, ganglia.

A

Multipolar Neuron

79
Q

Structure: the neuron consists of a cell body with one axon.

A

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

80
Q

Function: conducts action potentials from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.

A

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

81
Q

Location: in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

82
Q

Inner layer that forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives.

A

Endoderm

83
Q

Middle layer that forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels.

A

Mesoderm

84
Q

Outer layer that forms skin.

A

Ectoderm

85
Q

A __________ attaches to the connective tissue, guide cell migration during tissue repair, acts as a filter in the nephrons of the kidney, and not all epithelium are associated with it.

A

Basement Membrane

86
Q

Avascular

A

contains no blood.

87
Q

Acellular

A

no cells.

88
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue

A

Protecting underlying structures, acting as barriers, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances.

89
Q

One layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface.

A

Simple

90
Q

More than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical layer used to name the tissue.

A

Stratified

91
Q

Tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in fact simple.

A

Pseudostratified

92
Q

Squamous

A

flat, scale-like

93
Q

Cuboidal

A

equal in height and width

94
Q

Columnar

A

taller than wide

95
Q

Allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption.

A

Simple

96
Q

Protection, particularly against abrasion.

A

Stratified

97
Q

Allows diffusion or acts as filter.

A

Squamous

98
Q

Secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus.

A

Cuboidal and Columnar

99
Q

Elongated microvilli for sensation and absorption.

A

Stereocilia

100
Q

Disk shaped regions of cell membrane; often found in areas that are subjected to stress.

A

Desmosomes

101
Q

Half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane.

A

Hemidesmosomes

102
Q

Hold cells together; form permeability barrier.

A

Tight Junctions

103
Q

Between adjacent cells, weak glue, holds cells together.

A

Zonula Adherens

104
Q

Permeability barrier cannot pass between cells.

A

Zonula Occludens

105
Q

Protein channels aid intercellular communication. Coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle. May help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium.

A

Gap Junctions

106
Q

No open contact with exterior; no ducts; produce hormones.

A

Endocrine

107
Q

Open contact maintained with exterior; ducts.

A

Exocrine

108
Q

Unicellular contain __________.

A

goblet cells

109
Q

Ducts with few branches.

A

Simple Multicellular

110
Q

Ducts with many branches.

A

Compound Multicellular

111
Q

Ducts end in tubules or sac-like structures.

A

Acini

112
Q

Ducts end in simple sacs.

A

Alveoli.

113
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

Encloses organs, connect tissues, support and movement, storage, cushion and insulate, transport, and protect.

114
Q

Blasts

A

Create matrix

115
Q

Cytes

A

Maintain matrix

116
Q

Clasts

A

Break down matrix

117
Q

Common in some tissues (dermis of skin).

A

Adipose Cells

118
Q

Common beneath membranes; along small blood vessels. Can release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury. Inflammatory response.

A

Mast Cells

119
Q

Respond to injury or infection.

A

White Blood Cells or Leukocytes

120
Q

Phagocytize or provide protection. Engulfing particles.

A

Macrophages

121
Q

Stay in position in connective tissue.

A

Fixed Macrophages

122
Q

Move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue. Move through the blood stream.

A

Wandering Macrophages

123
Q

Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting.

A

Platelets

124
Q

Stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into adult cell types.

A

Undifferentiated Mesenchyme

125
Q

Most common protein in the body; strong, flexible, inelastic.

A

Collagen

126
Q

Fills spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks. Helps with filtration.

A

Reticular

127
Q

Returns to its original shape after distention or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are crossed-linked.

A

Elastic

128
Q

Most common molecules.

A

Ground Substances

129
Q

__________ is a polysaccharide that is a good lubricant.

A

Hyaluronic Acid

130
Q

__________ is a protein and polysaccharide that attaches to hyaluronic acid and traps large amounts of water.

A

Proteoglycans

131
Q

Hold proteoglycan aggregates together.

A

Adhesive molecules

132
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.

A

Perichondrium

133
Q

A liquid that lacks fibers in the matrix.

A

Plasma

134
Q

Leukocyte

A

White cells

135
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

136
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red cells

137
Q

Have the ability to produce action potentials

A

Neurons

138
Q

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

A

Cell body

139
Q

Cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per person.

A

Axon

140
Q

Cell process; receive impulses from other neurons; can be many per neuron.

A

Dendrite

141
Q

Lines cavities that open to the outside of body

A

Mucous Membrane

142
Q

Lines cavities not open to exterior.

A

Serous Membrane

143
Q

Types of serous membranes?

A

Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

144
Q

Line freely moveable joints

A

Synovial Membrane

145
Q

Chemical mediators _________.

A

initiate a problem

146
Q

Capable of mitosis through life.

A

Labile cells

147
Q

No mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury.

A

Stable cells

148
Q

If killed, replaced by a different type of cell.

A

Permanent cells

149
Q

Edges of wound are close together.

A

Primary union

150
Q

Edges of wound are not closed; greater chance of infection.

A

Secondary union

BIOL 223 (5 decks)

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