Tissues Flashcards
Structure: single layer of flat cells, often hexagonal shape; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed as a cross section because the cells are so flat.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Function: diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against function.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Location: lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining go serous membranes of body cavities, and inner surface of the tympanic membranes.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Structure: single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs).
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Function: secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and chord plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Structure: single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia or microvilli.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Function: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Structure: multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface of the cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Function: protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Location: keratinized–primarily in the skin; nonkeratinized–mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure: multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Function: secretion, absorption, protection against infection.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the cells are ciliated in the larynx.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Function: protection and secretion.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Location: mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Structure: single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Location: lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Structure: stratified cells that appear cube-shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid; the number of layers also decreases on stretch.
Transitional Epithelium
Function: accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urine.
Transitional Epithelium
Location: lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra.
Transitional Epithelium
Function: synthesizes and secrete mucus onto the free surface; move mucus that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Structure: cells within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue.
Areolar Connective Tissue
Function: loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated.
Areolar Connective Tissue
Location: widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues.
Areolar Connective Tissue
Structure: little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell.
Adipose Tissue
Function: packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred.
Adipose Tissue
Location: predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices.
Adipose Tissue
Structure: fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged.
Reticular Tissue
Function: provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues.
Reticular Tissue
Location: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.
Reticular Tissue
Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction.
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Function: able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance.
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Location: tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other)
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Structure: matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Function: able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation.
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Location: vocal folds and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck.
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction.
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Function: tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions.
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Location: sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes.
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Structure: matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions.
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue
Function: capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in several directions.
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue
Location: Elastic arteries
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue
Structure: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix.
Hyaline Cartilage
Function: allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton.
Hyaline Cartilage
Location: growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton.
Hyaline Cartilage
Structure: collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles.
Fibrocartilage
Function: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure.
Fibrocartilage
Location: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis articular disks.
Fibrocartilage
Structure: similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers.
Elastic Cartilage
Function: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched.
Elastic Cartilage
Location: external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes
Elastic Cartilage
Structure: lattice like network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae.
Spongy Bone
Function: acts as a scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone.
Spongy Bone
Location: in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones.
Spongy Bone
Structure: hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located within lacunae that are distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals; small passageways connect adjacent lacunae.
Compact Bone
Function: provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured.
Compact Bone
Location: outer portions of all bones, the shafts of the long bones.
Compact Bone
Structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix.
Blood
Function: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation.
Blood
Location: within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces.
Blood
Structure: reticular framework with numerous blood-forming cells (red marrow)
Bone Marrow
Function: produces new blood cells (red marrow); stores lipids (yellow marrow)
Bone Marrow
Location: within marrow cavities of bone; two types: 1) red marrow in the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones and 2) yellow marrow, mostly adipose tissue, in the shafts of long bones.
Bone Marrow
Structure: fibers appear striated; cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery.
Skeletal Muscle
Function: moves the body; is under voluntary control.
Skeletal Muscle
Location: attached to bone or other connective tissue.
Skeletal Muscle
Structure: cylindrical and striated and have a single, centrally located nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions.
Cardiac Muscle
Function: pumps the blood; is under involuntary control.
Cardiac Muscle
Location: in the heart
Cardiac Muscle
Structure: tapered at each end, are not striated and have a single nucleus.
Smooth Muscle
Function: regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose flesh” in the skin; is under involuntary control.
Smooth Muscle
Location: in hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines.
Smooth Muscle
Structure: the neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; neuroglia, or support cells, surround the neurons.
Multipolar Neuron
Function: neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store “information”, and integrate and evaluate data; neuroglia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons.
Multipolar Neuron
Location: in the brain, spinal cord, ganglia.
Multipolar Neuron
Structure: the neuron consists of a cell body with one axon.
Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron
Function: conducts action potentials from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.
Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron
Location: in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron
Inner layer that forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives.
Endoderm
Middle layer that forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels.
Mesoderm
Outer layer that forms skin.
Ectoderm
A __________ attaches to the connective tissue, guide cell migration during tissue repair, acts as a filter in the nephrons of the kidney, and not all epithelium are associated with it.
Basement Membrane
Avascular
contains no blood.
Acellular
no cells.
Function of Epithelial Tissue
Protecting underlying structures, acting as barriers, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances.
One layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface.
Simple
More than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical layer used to name the tissue.
Stratified
Tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in fact simple.
Pseudostratified
Squamous
flat, scale-like
Cuboidal
equal in height and width
Columnar
taller than wide
Allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption.
Simple
Protection, particularly against abrasion.
Stratified
Allows diffusion or acts as filter.
Squamous
Secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus.
Cuboidal and Columnar
Elongated microvilli for sensation and absorption.
Stereocilia
Disk shaped regions of cell membrane; often found in areas that are subjected to stress.
Desmosomes
Half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane.
Hemidesmosomes
Hold cells together; form permeability barrier.
Tight Junctions
Between adjacent cells, weak glue, holds cells together.
Zonula Adherens
Permeability barrier cannot pass between cells.
Zonula Occludens
Protein channels aid intercellular communication. Coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle. May help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium.
Gap Junctions
No open contact with exterior; no ducts; produce hormones.
Endocrine
Open contact maintained with exterior; ducts.
Exocrine
Unicellular contain __________.
goblet cells
Ducts with few branches.
Simple Multicellular
Ducts with many branches.
Compound Multicellular
Ducts end in tubules or sac-like structures.
Acini
Ducts end in simple sacs.
Alveoli.
Functions of Connective Tissue
Encloses organs, connect tissues, support and movement, storage, cushion and insulate, transport, and protect.
Blasts
Create matrix
Cytes
Maintain matrix
Clasts
Break down matrix
Common in some tissues (dermis of skin).
Adipose Cells
Common beneath membranes; along small blood vessels. Can release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury. Inflammatory response.
Mast Cells
Respond to injury or infection.
White Blood Cells or Leukocytes
Phagocytize or provide protection. Engulfing particles.
Macrophages
Stay in position in connective tissue.
Fixed Macrophages
Move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue. Move through the blood stream.
Wandering Macrophages
Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting.
Platelets
Stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into adult cell types.
Undifferentiated Mesenchyme
Most common protein in the body; strong, flexible, inelastic.
Collagen
Fills spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks. Helps with filtration.
Reticular
Returns to its original shape after distention or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are crossed-linked.
Elastic
Most common molecules.
Ground Substances
__________ is a polysaccharide that is a good lubricant.
Hyaluronic Acid
__________ is a protein and polysaccharide that attaches to hyaluronic acid and traps large amounts of water.
Proteoglycans
Hold proteoglycan aggregates together.
Adhesive molecules
Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.
Perichondrium
A liquid that lacks fibers in the matrix.
Plasma
Leukocyte
White cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Red cells
Have the ability to produce action potentials
Neurons
Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus
Cell body
Cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per person.
Axon
Cell process; receive impulses from other neurons; can be many per neuron.
Dendrite
Lines cavities that open to the outside of body
Mucous Membrane
Lines cavities not open to exterior.
Serous Membrane
Types of serous membranes?
Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
Line freely moveable joints
Synovial Membrane
Chemical mediators _________.
initiate a problem
Capable of mitosis through life.
Labile cells
No mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury.
Stable cells
If killed, replaced by a different type of cell.
Permanent cells
Edges of wound are close together.
Primary union
Edges of wound are not closed; greater chance of infection.
Secondary union
