Tissues Flashcards by Elizabeth Llanas

Structure: single layer of flat cells, often hexagonal shape; the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed as a cross section because the cells are so flat.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Function: diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against function.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Location: lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic vessels and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining go serous membranes of body cavities, and inner surface of the tympanic membranes.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Structure: single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs).

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Function: secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and chord plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Location: kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Structure: single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia or microvilli.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Function: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Structure: multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface of the cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Function: protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Location: keratinized–primarily in the skin; nonkeratinized–mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Structure: multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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Function: secretion, absorption, protection against infection.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the cells are ciliated in the larynx.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Function: protection and secretion.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Location: mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Structure: single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Location: lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Structure: stratified cells that appear cube-shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid; the number of layers also decreases on stretch.

Transitional Epithelium

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Function: accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urine.

Transitional Epithelium

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Location: lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra.

Transitional Epithelium

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Function: synthesizes and secrete mucus onto the free surface; move mucus that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Structure: cells within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser connective tissue.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Function: loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Location: widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Structure: little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell.

Adipose Tissue

Function: packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred.

Adipose Tissue

Location: predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices.

Adipose Tissue

Structure: fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged.

Reticular Tissue

Function: provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues.

Reticular Tissue

Location: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

Reticular Tissue

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction.

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Function: able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance.

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Location: tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other)

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Structure: matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Function: able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation.

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Location: vocal folds and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck.

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction.

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Function: tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions.

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Location: sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes.

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Structure: matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions.

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

Function: capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in several directions.

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

Location: Elastic arteries

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

Structure: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix.

Hyaline Cartilage

Function: allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton.

Hyaline Cartilage

Location: growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton.

Hyaline Cartilage

Structure: collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles.

Fibrocartilage

Function: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure.

Fibrocartilage

Location: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis articular disks.

Fibrocartilage

Structure: similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers.

Elastic Cartilage

Function: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched.

Elastic Cartilage

Location: external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes

Elastic Cartilage

Structure: lattice like network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae.

Spongy Bone

Function: acts as a scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone.

Spongy Bone

Location: in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones.

Spongy Bone

Structure: hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located within lacunae that are distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals; small passageways connect adjacent lacunae.

Compact Bone

Function: provides great strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured.

Compact Bone

Location: outer portions of all bones, the shafts of the long bones.

Compact Bone

Structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix.

Blood

Function: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation.

Blood

Location: within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces.

Blood

Structure: reticular framework with numerous blood-forming cells (red marrow)

Bone Marrow

Function: produces new blood cells (red marrow); stores lipids (yellow marrow)

Bone Marrow

Location: within marrow cavities of bone; two types: 1) red marrow in the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones and 2) yellow marrow, mostly adipose tissue, in the shafts of long bones.

Bone Marrow

Structure: fibers appear striated; cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery.

Skeletal Muscle

Function: moves the body; is under voluntary control.

Skeletal Muscle

Location: attached to bone or other connective tissue.

Skeletal Muscle

Structure: cylindrical and striated and have a single, centrally located nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions.

Cardiac Muscle

Function: pumps the blood; is under involuntary control.

Cardiac Muscle

Location: in the heart

Cardiac Muscle

Structure: tapered at each end, are not striated and have a single nucleus.

Smooth Muscle

Function: regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces "goose flesh" in the skin; is under involuntary control.

Smooth Muscle

Location: in hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines.

Smooth Muscle

Structure: the neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; neuroglia, or support cells, surround the neurons.

Multipolar Neuron

Function: neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store "information", and integrate and evaluate data; neuroglia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons.

Multipolar Neuron

Location: in the brain, spinal cord, ganglia.

Multipolar Neuron

Structure: the neuron consists of a cell body with one axon.

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

Function: conducts action potentials from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

Location: in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron

Inner layer that forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives.

Endoderm

Middle layer that forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels.

Mesoderm

Outer layer that forms skin.

Ectoderm

A __________ attaches to the connective tissue, guide cell migration during tissue repair, acts as a filter in the nephrons of the kidney, and not all epithelium are associated with it.

Basement Membrane

Avascular

contains no blood.

Acellular

no cells.

Function of Epithelial Tissue

Protecting underlying structures, acting as barriers, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances.

One layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface.

Simple

More than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical layer used to name the tissue.

Stratified

Tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in fact simple.

Pseudostratified

Squamous

flat, scale-like

Cuboidal

equal in height and width

Columnar

taller than wide

Allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption.

Simple

Protection, particularly against abrasion.

Stratified

Allows diffusion or acts as filter.

Squamous

Secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus.

Cuboidal and Columnar

Elongated microvilli for sensation and absorption.

Stereocilia

Disk shaped regions of cell membrane; often found in areas that are subjected to stress.

Desmosomes

Half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane.

Hemidesmosomes

Hold cells together; form permeability barrier.

Tight Junctions

Between adjacent cells, weak glue, holds cells together.

Zonula Adherens

Permeability barrier cannot pass between cells.

Zonula Occludens

Protein channels aid intercellular communication. Coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle. May help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium.

Gap Junctions

No open contact with exterior; no ducts; produce hormones.

Endocrine

Open contact maintained with exterior; ducts.

Exocrine

Unicellular contain __________.

goblet cells

Ducts with few branches.

Simple Multicellular

Ducts with many branches.

Compound Multicellular

Ducts end in tubules or sac-like structures.

Acini

Ducts end in simple sacs.

Alveoli.

Functions of Connective Tissue

Encloses organs, connect tissues, support and movement, storage, cushion and insulate, transport, and protect.

Blasts

Create matrix

Cytes

Maintain matrix

Clasts

Break down matrix

Common in some tissues (dermis of skin).

Adipose Cells

Common beneath membranes; along small blood vessels. Can release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury. Inflammatory response.

Mast Cells

Respond to injury or infection.

White Blood Cells or Leukocytes

Phagocytize or provide protection. Engulfing particles.

Macrophages

Stay in position in connective tissue.

Fixed Macrophages

Move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue. Move through the blood stream.

Wandering Macrophages

Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting.

Platelets

Stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into adult cell types.

Undifferentiated Mesenchyme

Most common protein in the body; strong, flexible, inelastic.

Collagen

Fills spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks. Helps with filtration.

Reticular

Returns to its original shape after distention or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are crossed-linked.

Elastic

Most common molecules.

Ground Substances

__________ is a polysaccharide that is a good lubricant.

Hyaluronic Acid

__________ is a protein and polysaccharide that attaches to hyaluronic acid and traps large amounts of water.

Proteoglycans

Hold proteoglycan aggregates together.

Adhesive molecules

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.

Perichondrium

A liquid that lacks fibers in the matrix.

Plasma

Leukocyte

White cells

Thrombocytes

Platelets

Erythrocytes

Red cells

Have the ability to produce action potentials

Neurons

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

Cell body

Cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per person.

Axon

Cell process; receive impulses from other neurons; can be many per neuron.

Dendrite

Lines cavities that open to the outside of body

Mucous Membrane

Lines cavities not open to exterior.

Serous Membrane

Types of serous membranes?

Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

Line freely moveable joints

Synovial Membrane

Chemical mediators _________.

initiate a problem

Capable of mitosis through life.

Labile cells

No mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury.

Stable cells

If killed, replaced by a different type of cell.

Permanent cells

Edges of wound are close together.

Primary union

Edges of wound are not closed; greater chance of infection.

Secondary union