Chapter 2 Flashcards
In ionic compounds, cations are attracted to negative end and anions attracted to positive end of water molecules; the ions separate and each become surrounded by water molecules
Dissociation or Separation
Ability of one substance to dissolve in another
Solubility
Dissociation of an ionic compound in water; has the capacity to conduct an electric current
Electrolyte
Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity
Nonelectrolytes
Substances that enter into a chemical reaction
Reactants
Substances that result from the reaction
Products
All anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body
Metabolism
When one electron is shared but is needed more in one element
Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared equally between atoms in a covalent bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
Synthesis Reaction
Synthetic reaction where water is a product
Dehydration
Chemical bonds made; energy stored in the bonds. Responsible for growth, main tends and repair.
Anabolism
What two parts are in synthesis reactions?
Anabolism and dehydration
A large reactant is broken down to form smaller products.
Decomposition Reactions
Chemical bonds broken; energy released
Catabolism
Water is split into two parts that contribute to the formation of the products
Hydrolysis
Chemical reactions in which the reaction can proceed either from reactants to products or form products to reactants.
Reversible Reactions
Ability to do work
Energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds; energy that could do work if it were released.
Potential Energy
Does work and moves matter.
Kinetic Energy
Energy resulting from the position or movement of objects
Mechanical Energy
Form of potential energy in the chemical bonds of a substance
Chemical Energy
Energy that flows between objects of different temperatures
Heat Energy
Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted
Catalyst
Proteinaceous catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for reaction to begin.
Enzymes
Minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
Activation Energy
Substances that do not contain carbon
Inorganic Chemistry
Study of carbon containing substances
Organic Chemistry
Large amount of heat requires to raise temperature of water
Specific heat
Substances physically but not chemically combined
Mixture
Materials separate unless stirred.
Suspension
Dispersal of tiny particles through a medium
Colloid
Mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined
Solution
Dissolve the solute
Solvent
Dissolves in the solvent
Solute
Measure of number of particles of solute per volume of solution
Concentration
A proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions. [H+]
Acid
A proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions. [-OH]
Base
A compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other a hydroxide ion
Salt
A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and bass components occur in similar concentrations
Buffers
Carbohydrates are?
Sugars
Lipids are?
Fats
Proteins are?
Amino acids
Nucleic acids example?
ATP, DNA, RNA
Carbohydrates are composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Lipids are composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Proteins are composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes iodine
Nucleic acids are composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Carbohydrates functions?
Energy sources and structure
Lipids functions?
Protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes, energy source
Proteins functions?
Regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy
Carbohydrates examples?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Lipid examples?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
Enzymes change shape to accommodate the shape of specific reactants
Induced Fit Hypothesis
Combine with active sure and make nonfunctional enzymes functional
Cofactors
Organic cofactors
Coenzymes
Energy currency of the body; provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
