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Knes 259 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are cell junctions?

A

gap junctions
tight junctions
desmosome

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2
Q

what are tight junctions?

A

they are tight so they do not allow movement between cells

ex: intestine, blood brain barrier, kidney

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3
Q

what is a gap junction?

A

have gaps allows the movement of ions
- transmission of charge

eg. heart, gut - parasympathetic and sympathetic wave like contraction in the gut moving through a gap junction

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4
Q

what is a desmosomes?

A
  • prevent the pulling apart of tissues
  • if we get a lot of mechanical stress on tissue then we get a desmosomes
  • strong attachment

eg. skin, uterus, heart

heart contracts and fills there is stress on the heart
gap junctions and desmosos.

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5
Q

what is the definitions of tissues and what are the 4 types?

A

cells with similar structure and function

4 types:
- epithelial
-connective tissue
-nerve
-muscle

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6
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

every organ has a epithelial lining
eg. thoracic cavity wall, gut wall , skin
- inside and outside

glands:
exocrine: secrete into a duct , sweat glands, digestive enzymes

endocrine glands: specific to secreting hormones right into the blood

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7
Q

what is the meaning of stratified and simple squamous, and simple cuboidal, or stratified columnar?

A

stratified squamous- many layers
simple- one layer

squamous-squished cell, not round but squished
-lung tissue

simple cuboidal- one layer but more cubed
-found in gut

stratified columnar- the top stands taller and columns

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8
Q

what is the functions of the epithelial tissue?

A

protection - toxins, melanin, uv
absorption, secretion
ion transport, diffusion
filtration
forms slippery surfaces- esophagus to bring down food

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9
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • put where we do not have a lot of wear and tear
  • adapted for diffusion and filtration
    eg. lung alveoli and bowmans capsule
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10
Q

what is stratified squamous epithelium

A

look at outer most layer to get the characteristic
-protects areas of wear and tear
-outer layer of skin, lining of mouth, vagina

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11
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A
  • contains cells can change shape
  • in areas subject to stretching
    eg. urinary bladder
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12
Q

what are the different specialized epithelial cells?

A

exocrine glands: secrete substances into ducts
e.g sweat glands, gut mucuses glands

endocrine glands : they are ductless
-secretes hormones into blood
-have more widespread effect
eg. thyroid

paracrine glands:
-secretes over short distances
-not go into blood but have a local affect

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13
Q

what is the unicellular exocrine glands or the goblet cell?

A
  • goblet cells produce mucin
    mucin+water-> mucus
    we need mucus everywhere internal body always most time excretes mucus
    (protects and lubricates)
  • goblet cell is a single cell
    secrete out mucin which then makes the mucus
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14
Q

what are the different shapes of duct classifications?

A

simple vs compound

simple: comes out and has a coil tube

compound: has lots of branching

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15
Q

what are the main classes of connective tissue?

A

most abundant tissue

main classes:
cartilage
bone tissue
blood
fat
connective tissue

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16
Q

what is the connective tissue functions?

A

binds together, supports and strengthens
-protects and insulates internal organs

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17
Q

what are the two different connective tissue proteins?

A
  1. collagen- stiff protein, not very strechy
    eg. tendon
  2. elastin- strechy, eg. lung
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18
Q

what is the fibroblasts and ground substance?

A

fibroblasts are cells that secrete matrix proteins
-free macrophage

ground substance: os the matrix of loose connective tissue

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19
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

collagen and elastin fibers
-viscous, gel-like ground substance
-sugars, proteins, and water
-cushions and protects body structure

20
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue

A

-loose connective tissue or areolar, adipose tissue
- dense connective tissue
- regular vs irregular

21
Q

what is areolar or loose connective tissue?

A

gel like matrix with all three fibers:
contains:
-fat cells
-white blood cells
-mast cells
-fibroblasts

surrounds all the blood vessels and organs, and borders all the other tissues in the body

22
Q

what is the dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • irregularly arranged collagen and elastin
    -withstrands tension/pulling

location:
-skin
-gut
-fibrous capsules of joints and organs

dont know where stress is coming from so we arrange fibers so it can withstand anything

23
Q

what is the dense regular connective tissue

A
  • most of the time we know which way the stress is coming from
  • all the fibers are arranged in the direction of where the stress is going to come from
    -some elastin, lots of parallel collagen fibers, poorly vascularized no blood

-eg. muscle and bone attachments
tendons and ligaments

24
Q

what is the specialized connective tissues ?

A

bone:
forms the skeleton
-spongy vs compact

blood: transports materials such as glucose and oxygen
fluid matrix of :
- plasma (fluid)
-red blood cells
- white blood cells
-platelets

25
Q

what are the different types of bones?

A

compact bone:
-harder -harversian systems
-found in outer layer of bones
usually shaft of long bones
spongy bone (lots or red bone marrow, but also yellow bone marrow):
made up of trabeculae (thin, bony plates) with spaces in between that are often filled with bone marrow

26
Q

bone is what percent cells and what percent matrix?

A

10% cells and 90% matrix

27
Q

what are some specialized connective tissues ?

A

cartilage: it can be a transitional tissue which bone develops
- maintains shape of certain body parts (nose, ears)
-cushions vertebrae (vertebrae’s disks), lines joint cavities

adipose tissue:
-fat cells
-functions in insulation, protection, and energy storage

28
Q

what are the different types of cartilage?

A

-provides structure and support under compression

types:
fibrocartilage:
intervertebral disks between vertebrae
menisci in knee joints
- gives protection from compression
hyaline :
-forms embryonic structure, which later forms bone
-covers and protects ends of long bones in joints

elastic cartilage:
-flexible, outer ear, tip of nose

29
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR loose connective tissue?

A

Ground Substance: Gel-like, more ground than fibers and cells.
Fiber Type: Collagen, elastic, reticular; arranged randomly.
Main Cell Types: Fibroblasts.
Where Found: Skin, around blood vessels and organs, under epithelia.

30
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR dense, irregular connective tissue?

A

Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue
Ground Substance: More fibers than ground.
Fiber Type: Mostly collagen; arranged randomly.
Main Cell Types: Fibroblasts.
Where Found: Muscle and nerve sheaths.

31
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR Dense, regular connective tissue?

A

Ground Substance: More fibers than ground.
Fiber Type: Collagen; parallel arrangement.
Main Cell Types: Fibroblasts.
Where Found: Tendons and ligaments.

32
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR adipose tissue?

A

Ground Substance: Very little.
Fiber Type: None.
Main Cell Types: Brown fat and white fat cells.
Where Found: Varies by age and sex.

33
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR blood?

A

Ground Substance: Aqueous.
Fiber Type: None.
Main Cell Types: Blood cells.
Where Found: In blood and lymph vessels.

34
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR cartilage?

A

Ground Substance: Firm but flexible; contains hyaluronic acid.
Fiber Type: Collagen.
Main Cell Types: Chondroblasts.
Where Found: Joint surfaces, spine, ear, nose, larynx.

35
Q

summarize what is the ground substance, fiber type, main cell types, and where is it found?

FOR bone?

A

Ground Substance: Rigid due to calcium salts.
Fiber Type: Collagen.
Main Cell Types: Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Where Found: Bones.

36
Q

what are muscle tissues?

A

moving skeleton, creating force and movement
three types:
-cardiac
-smooth eg. gut anyplace where there is muscle you do not control
-skeletal (diaphragm, biceps, leg muscles)

37
Q

what is skeletal muscle tissues?

A

voluntary muscle- moves skeleton
-striated pattern or banding pattern

38
Q

what is cardiac muscle tissue ?

A

heart- pacemaker controlled
-involuntary we do not control it
- but structure similar like skeletal muscle tissue

39
Q

what is smooth muscle tissue?

A

-involuntary do not control
eg. gut, blood vessels

40
Q

what is nervous tissues?

A

signal transmission
-brain
-nerves

41
Q
A
42
Q

what happens if we need to repair a tissue?

A

regeneration : you can replace damage with same type of tissue
fibrosis: build of of collagen fibers eg. picking at a scar, putting extra connective tissue for protection
- clot is replaced by granulation tissue then eventually scar tissue

43
Q

what are good or excellent regeneration tissues?

A

epithelial tissue (skin), bone connective tissue (break arm cast for few weeks), areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue (within skin), blood forming connective tissue

44
Q

what are some moderate regeneration tissues?

A

smooth muscles
eg. damage to the gut

45
Q

what are weak regeneration tissues?

A

skeletal muscle tissue (inter-cellularly we can repair actin and mysoin quickly but to the tissue the connective tissue around the muscle it is a weak repair, third degree muscle tear), cartilage, dense regular ct NO blood supply

46
Q

what is an example of no or almost none regeneration of tissue?

A

cardiac muscle tissue , nervous tissue (particularly the central nervous system)

47
Q

what happens with age to our tissues?

A
  • epithelia thin
    -collagen decreases
    -bones, muscles (after 80 loose most muscle mass), and nervous tissue begin to atrophy
  • poor nutrition and poor circulation lead to poor health of tissues
    -decreased healing

Knes 259 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I (11 decks)

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