Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
This is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical but from the same origin, that together carry our a specific function that is necessary to the survival of multicellular organisms.
A
Tissues
2
Q
Study of Tissues.
A
Histology
3
Q
Study of Tissues in connection with disease
A
Histopathology
4
Q
What are the four types of animal tissues?
A
• Epithelial Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Connective Tissue
5
Q
This is a protective, continuous sheet of compactly packed cells.
A
Epithelial Tissue
6
Q
What are the characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?
A
• Cellularity
• Polarity
• Attachment
• Vascularity
• Innervation
• Regeneration
7
Q
It is highly cellular, tissue as a whole is primarily composed of cells.
A
Cellularity
8
Q
Epithelial Tissue is compact due to the?
A
it make use of the specialized junctions
9
Q
What are the three specialized functions?
A
- Tight junctions
- Adherens junctions
- Gap Junctions
10
Q
This is a type of specialized junction that has a strong bond between neighboring cells and prevents leakage across tissues.
A
Tight Junctions
11
Q
A specialized junction that linked the cytoskeleton of the adjacent cells.
A
Adherens Junctions
12
Q
A specialized junction used by epithelial cells to facilitate the movement of ions and molecules across the tissue.
A
Gap junctions
13
Q
The cells have different appearance in their upper and lower parts.
A
Polarity
14
Q
Lower surface of Epithelial Tissue
A
Basal Surface
15
Q
Upper Surface of Epithelial Tissue
A
Apical Surface
16
Q
All epithelium displays _____ which means that the basal surface are connected to the special membrane called the _______ ________.
A
Attachment, basement membrane
17
Q
What are the two lamina that made up the basement membrane?
A
Basal Lamina and Reticular Lamina
18
Q
This made up the basement membrane that is adjacent to the epithelium and has fibers and polysaccharides. The materials are also produced from epithelial cells.
A
Basal Lamina
19
Q
This made up the basement membrane in which the layer is connected to the underlying tissue and consist of proteins and fibers. And the materials are produced from connective tissue.
A
Reticular Lamina
20
Q
It does not have its own blood supply and the materials are diffused from neighboring cells
A
Vascularity
21
Q
It is rich in nervous-endings and the epithelial tissue can perform sensory function.
A
Innervation
22
Q
Can repair and regenerate itself
A
Regeneration
23
Q
Steps Jn Wound Healing
A
Coagulation, Inflammatory Response, Epithelialization, Fibroplasia, and Maturation
24
Q
Give the four functions of Epithelial Tissue.
A
Protection, control permeability, sensation, and secretion
25
What are the three classification of Epithelial Tissue?
Cell Shape
Layer
Types
26
What are the three cell shapes of epithelial tissue?
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
27
Flat and thin
Squamous
28
Box like
Cuboidal
29
Rectangular, taller than wide in shape
Columnar
30
Layers of Epithelial Tissue
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
31
one layer
32
two or more layers
Stratified
33
Appears to be layered but actually one layer only. It appears to be stratified due to position of nuclei.
Pseudostratified
34
It is made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched.
Transitional
35
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Membranous
Glandular
36
Types of Epithelial Tissue that acts as a protection or covering.
Membranous
37
It facilitates the exchange of gas, nutrients, and waste product.
Selective Diffusion
38
It absorbs nutrients coming from digested foods.
Absorption/Secretion
39
It provides surface protection
Physical Protection
40
Provide barrier between the internal and external areas of the organ.
Containment
41
Roles of Membranous
Selective Diffusion
Absorption/Secretion
Physical Protection
Containment
42
Froms Glands
Glandular
43
Roles of Glandular
Exocrine and Endocrine
44
have ducts
Exocrine
45
ductless and just make use of blood circulation
Endocrine
46
Unicellular glands that are known to produce and secret mucus.
Goblet cells
47
It enhance the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell.
Microvilli
48
It contains a densely packed nerve cell, which are specialized for nerve impulse conduction.
Nervous Tissue
49
What are the two composition of Nervous Tissue?
Neurons and Glial Cells
50
It is a specialized type of cell that vary in shape and size.
Neurons
51
What are the three basic properties of neurons?
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
52
This is where the nucleus is found
Cell Body
53
Neurons receives inputs from other cells.
Dendrites
54
It carries information from the cell body to other cells. Or it is where information is sent to the effector.
Axon
55
Ending of the axon that will form synap with the effector and the synap are actually not a physical connection but rather a gap or space.
Terminal Endings
56
Messenger of neurons
Neurotransmitters
57
Special kind of cell membrane. It is also an insulating layer, or sheath that form around the nerves, including those in the brain and spinal chord.
Myelin Sheath
58
The gaps between the myelin insulation of the axon of neurons where impulses jump as they are transmitted.
Nodes of ranvier
59
Three types of neurons based on functions.
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
60
It is one of the functional neurons that involved in transmitting signals sending to the muscles and to the glands.
Motor Neuron
61
Sense organs
Sensory neurons
62
Connects the motor and sensory neurons
Inter Neurons
63
What are the four structures of Nervous Tissue?
Anaxonic Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
64
It is a type of neuron where there is no axon or it can not be differentiated from the dendrites. It is also has common touch and pain sensory neuron in peripheral tissue.
Anaxonic Neuron
65
- A type of neuron that conducts action potentials from the dendrites to the cell body, where they pass directly to the central process.
- One long continuous process.
Unipolar neuron
66
A type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrites). It is also the middle cell body.
Bipolar neuron
67
The most common types of neurons in the central nervous system. They form the autonomic ganglia and possess a single axon with several symmetrical radiating dendrites. Some neurons have multiple axons of lack axons will together.
Multipolar neuron
68
Nerves that connects the cranial and spinal nerves.
Peripheral Nervous System
69
A non-conducting cell that protect and nurture as well as support cells of nervous tissue. It also does not transmit signals or impulse but rather provides support to main actions of neurons.
Glial cells
70
The glial cells that form myelin sheath around axons of neurons are the
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells
71
It forms a myelin sheath and the location is in the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes
72
It forms a myelin sheath and the location is in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cells
73
The glial cells that help from the blood-brain barrier. It is also the biggest among the glial cells, and is involved in material exchange.
Astrocytes
74
Shapes of astrocytes
Star-like
75
The smallest among the glial cells and it helps for protection.
Microglia Cell
76
The glial cells that is elongated and forum forming the inner linings of the brain and the spinal cord.
Ependymal Cell
77
It composed of cells that the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts.
Muscle Tissue
78
What are the properties of Muscle Tissue?
√ Contractility
√ Excitability
√ Extensibility
√ Elasticity
79
The ability of the muscle cells to forcefully shorten and allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force.
Contractility
80
The ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron of a hormone.
Excitability
81
The ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended.
Extensibility
82
The ability of a muscle to return to its original length when relaxed
Elasticity
83
What are the two types of muscle tissue?
Striated and Non-Striated
84
What the the striated muscle?
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac Muscle
85
Which muscle tissue with multiple nucleus?
Skeletal Muscle
86
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organ
87
Location of the skeletal muscle
Attached to bones, around entrance points to the body
88
long cylindrical fiber, striated, many peripherally located nuclei
Skeletal Muscle
89
It is short-branched, striated, single central nucleus
Cardiac muscle
90
What is the function of cardiac muscle?,
Contracts to pump blood
91
Location of cardiac muscle
Heart
92
It is non-straited muscle
Smooth muscle
93
It is a short, spindle-shaped, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber
Smooth Muscle
94
Involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of respiration, moves secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction.
Smooth Muscle
95
Location of smooth muscle
Walls of major organs and passageways
96
It is a fibrous tissue found throughout the body
Connective Tissue
97
Function of connective tissue
•form sheaths around the body organs and between tissues
• protects the body against wound and infection
• stores fats
• produce blood
• helps in body immunity
98
It make up the extracellular matrix
Ground Substance
99
A large network of proteins and other molecules that surrounds, support, and gives structure to cells and tissues in the body.
Extracellular matrix
100
Three components of connective tissue
Ground Substance
Cells
Fibers
101
Living
Cells
102
Cellular products, and non-living
Fibers
103
Give the seven examples of fibers
√ Adipocytes
√ Mesenchymal Cells
√ Fibroblast
√ Collagen
√ Elastic Fibers
√ Reticular Fibers
√ Macrophages
104
A calories storage system accepting chemical energy in the form of glucose and fatty acid from the blood.
Adipocytes
105
stem cells, free-cursol cells, develops intro adipocytes, source, parent cells of tissues
Mesenchymal cells
106
Cells that produce the fibers in the tissue it also secretes collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues.
Fibroblast
107
A type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue.
Fibroblast
108
Strongest among all fibers
Collagen
109
Gives elasticity
Elastic fibers
110
Forms networks, branches and forms delicate networks
Reticular fibers
111
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms; removes dead cells, and stimulated the action of other immune system cells.
Macrophages
112
Protects the body against wound and infection.
Areolar Tissue
113
Stores fats and insulates the body against heat loss
Adipose tissue
114
Forms shape and the framework of the body
Supportive tissue
115
Produce blood
Hematopoietic tissue
116
Helps in body immunity
Lymphatic tissue
117
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Proper Connective Tissue
2. Supporting / Skeletal Connective Tissue
3. Fluid (Typical) Connective Tissue
118
Type of connective tissue where the matrix is soft, less rigid and shows varying degree of toughness
Proper Connective Tissue
119
What are the two types of proper connective tissue?
√ Loose Connective Tissue
√ Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue
120
Enumerate three examples of loose connective tissue.
1. Areolar Connective Tissue
2. Adipose Connective Tissue
3. Reticular Connective Tissue
121
An example of loose connective tissue that is homogenous, transparent, semi-, fluid and gelatinous matrix.
Areolar Connective Matrix
122
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
• binds tissues together
• engulf bacteria and damaged dead cells
• secret heparin and histamine
• produce antibodies
123
Matrix contains various type of ______ and _________.
Cells and fibers
124
Cells in areolar connective tissue
Fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, fat, and plasma cells
125
Fibers in areolar connective tissue
White collagen fibers and yellow collagen fibers
126
Modified form of areolar tissue that contains a large number of fat cells (adipocytes)
Adipose Connective Tissue
127
Location of Adipose Connective Tissue
Beneath skin in dermis, mesenteries, around kidney, heart, and eyeballs
128
What are the functions of Adipose Connective Tissue?
Energy storage, shock absorber, insulation
129
An example of proper connective tissue that contains large numbers of reticular cells.
Reticular Connective Tissue
130
Location of reticular connective tissue
Lymph nodes, spleen liver, bone marrow, thymus, and tonsils
131
Functions of Reticular Connective Tissue
For immunity and body defenses
132
The fibers dominate over the cells and the matrix in quantity and the fibers may be regularly or irregularly arranged.
Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue
133
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
White Fibrous Tissue
Yellow Elastic Tissue
134
It contains fibroblast cell and collagen fibers and very few amount of matrix.
White fibrous tissue
135
The White Fibrous Tissue occurs in two forms
Tendons or sheath
136
Binds muscle to bone
Tendons
137
Binds bone to bone
Ligament
138
Contains numerous and closely packed yellow elastic fibers and present in ligament, blood vessel walls, vocal cords, respiratory tract
Yellow Elastic Fibers
139
Where can we find the yellow elastic tissue?
Blood vessel cells, vocal cords, respiratory tract
140
Supporting tissue that forms the exoskeleton of vertebrates.
Supporting/Skeletal Connective Tissue
141
What are the types of Supporting/Skeletal Connective Tissue?
√ Cartilage
√ Bone
142
What are the cell in cartilage?
Chondroblast and Chondrocyte
143
The extracellular matrix of cartilage
Chondroitin Sulphate
144
Fibers of Cartilage
Collagen or Mixture of Collagen and elastic fibers
145
Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline
2. Fibrous Cartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage
146
Ground Substance
Hyaline
147
Ground Substance with non-elastic collagen fibers
Fibrous cartilage
148
Ground substance with yellow elastic fibers
Elastic Cartilage
149
The cells that can be found in bone
Osteoblast and Osteocyte Cells
150
Responsible for aged bone resorption
Osteoblast
151
Responsible for new bone formation
Osteocyte
152
The extracellular matrix or ground substance of Bone
Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
153
It is embedded in the matrix of bone
Bone cell and collagen fibers
154
Types of Bone
Spongy Bone Tissue
Compact Bone Tissue
155
Matrix is web like rather than solid with number of space in between.
Spongy Bone Tissue
156
Spongy Bone Tissue is also known as ________
trabeculae
157
It lack Haversian Canal System and Volkmann's canal
Spongy Bone Tissue
158
It forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body. It also provides strength and protection.
Compact Bone Tissue
159
The extracellular matrix around the cells gives compact bone its hardest and rigidity.
lamellae
160
small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte's dendrites, and saturates by an interstitial fluid in ions.
canaliculi
161
It is also known as cortical bone
Compact Bone Tissue
162
Two types of Fluid (Typical) Connective Tissue
Blood and Lymph
163
It makes up about 8% of total body weight
Blood
164
What are the elements of Blood
• Plasma (55%)
• Platelets (1%)
• Red Blood Cells (41%)
• White Blood Cells (4%)
165
Plasma percentage by weight
• proteins (7%)
• water (91%)
• other solutes (2%)
166
What is the lifespan of platelets?
7 days
167
Lifespan of red blood cells
120 days
168
Red Blood Cells also called as
Erythrocytes
169
Lifespan of White Blood Cells
20 days
170
White Blood Cells is also called as __________
leukocytes
171
Volume of blood
Buffy coat and formed elements
172
Buffy coat
Platelets (250 - 400 thousands)
White Blood Cells (5-10 thousands)
173
It is a former elements (45%)
Red Blood Cells (4.2 - 6.2 million)
174
The granular leukocytes involved in non-specific immune defenses are
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
175
It is bilobed and produce histamine
Eosinophil
176
- multilobed
- inflammation response
Basophil
177
- Multilobed
- phagocytic
Neutrophil
178
When the plasma leaks out of the blood vessels and goes into the surrounding tissues, it becomes the_____
Interstitial fluid
179
Interstitial fluid goes into lymphatic vessels it is called
Lymph
180
Tissue inflammation
Edema
181
Collects interstitial fluid
Lymphatic vessels
182
What are the difference between the lymph and blood in terms of color and RBC
Lymph - colorless and does not contain RBC
Blood - red-colored and contains RBC
183
What are the difference between the lymph and blood in terms of functions
Lymph - body defense
Blood - associated with circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
184
What are the difference between the lymph and blood in terms of plasma
Lymph - lacks proteins
Blood - has proteins, calcium and phosphorus
185
What are the difference between the lymph and blood in terms of transports
lymph - nutrients from the tissue cells to the blood through lymphatic vessels
Blood - nutrients and oxygen from one organ to another
186
What are the difference between the lymph and blood in terms of flow speed
Lymph - slow
Blood - fast
187
The vein where the lymph is being drained back intro the blood circulation
Subclavian vein
188
Series of wave like muscle contractions that move good through the digestive tract
Peristalsis
