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BIO101-GENZOO > From Gene to Protein > Flashcards

From Gene to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organelles involved in the process from gene to protein?

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles

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2
Q

It is the house of the genetic material of DNA and it is the sight of the ribosomal RNA.

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

It is the main organelles for protein synthesis, it reads the nucleotide sequence and translates it to the amino acid sequence.

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Is is the internal membrane system creating channels and membrane-bound vesicles.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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5
Q

Two regions of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

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6
Q

Studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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7
Q

embedded with enzymes and involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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8
Q

The ER transports the molecules its synthesizes to the??

A

Golgi complex

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9
Q

It forms the golgi complex

A

Golgi Apparatus

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10
Q

Collects, Packages, Modifies, and distributes molecules

A

Golgi Complex

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11
Q

Two types of vesicles

A

Transport Vesicles
Secretory Vesicles

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12
Q

Types of vesicle that import material

A

Transport vesicle

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13
Q

Type of vesicle that export material.

A

Secretory vesicle

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14
Q

It denotes the flow of genetic information in a cell.

A

Central Dogma

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15
Q

DNA - DNA

A

Replication

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16
Q

DNA - RNA

A

Transcription

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17
Q

DNA - RNA - PROTEIN

A

Translation

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18
Q

What are the two stages that is need to get the chemical language of DNA to the chemical language of protein?

A

Transcription and Translation

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19
Q

____ gets all the glory but _____ do all the work

A

DNA, Proteins

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20
Q

The mechanism on which our cell duplicate its DNA.

A

DNA Replication

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21
Q

The type of replication that can be observed in most of the living systems.

A

Semi-Conservative

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22
Q

Every round of DNA replication, the resulting DNA, the double helix has __________

A

new and old pair

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23
Q

The base pairing method that stated that purines always pair with pyrimidines.

A

Watson and Crick base pairing method

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24
Q

In what direction does the synthesis of a new straps runs?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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25
Q

It is needed for initiation

A

Primer

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26
Q

Stimulates the enzymes for replication to stop the process.

A

Primer

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27
Q

A complex process involving several enzymes and proteins.

A

Replisome

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28
Q

Base pairing allows each straps to serve as a ____ for new strand

A

Replication of DNA, template

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29
Q

What ate the models of DNA Replication

A

Conservative Model
Semi conservative Model
Dispersive Model

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30
Q

The parental double helix remains intact and all new copy is made.

A

Conservative Model

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31
Q

The two strand of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.

A

Semiconservative

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32
Q

Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts.

A

Dispersive

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33
Q

What are the DNA Polymerase I

A

5’ - 3’ = polymerization
3’ - 5’ = proof reading
5’ - 3’ = exonuclease activity

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34
Q

DNA Repair Functions

A

DNA Polymerase II

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35
Q

Primary Replication Enzyme

A

DNA Polymerase III

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36
Q

Responsible in the synthesis of new DNA strand

A

DNA Polymerase III

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37
Q

Cuts open the double helix to expose the replication templates or unwind the parental double helix.

A

Helicase

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38
Q

Lays down the RNA Primer for the replication of the lagging strand.

A

Primase

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39
Q

Seals that gap between Okazaki fragments at the lagging strand.

A

Ligase

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40
Q

Stabilizes the DNA single strands to prevent them from winding or stabilized the unwound parental DNA.

A

Single Strand Binding Proteins

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41
Q

Large enzymes that helps in relaxing the collect region of the chromosome.

A

Topoisomerase

42
Q

From DNA language to RNA language

A

Transcription

43
Q

DNA ________ the nucleus

A

can’t leave

44
Q

What are the three RNA Polymerase Enzymes

A

RNA Polymerase I
RNA Polymerase II
RNA Polymerase III

45
Q

It only transcribes rRNA genes

A

Ribosomal RNA, RNA Polymerase I

46
Q

Transcribes genes into mRNA

A

messenger RNA, RNA Polymerase II

47
Q

transcribed tRNA

A

Transfer RNA, RNA Polymerase III

48
Q

New Strand that DNA strands encode.

A

Leading stand

49
Q

Other new strand that the other DNA strand which runs in the opposite direction encodes

A

Lagging strand

50
Q

Formed when DNA Polymerase III adds DNA nucleotides to the primer

A

Okazaki Fragment 1

51
Q

Other enzymes remove and repair incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors.

A

Mismatch repair

52
Q

DNA - Cutting enzyme

A

Nuclease

53
Q

Transcription factors bind to promoter region upstream of gene, suite of proteins which bind to DNA.

A

Initiation Complex

54
Q

Binding site and recognition for transcription factors

A

TATA Box

55
Q

It trigger the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA

A

Transcription factors

56
Q

What are the three process of transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

57
Q

Assembly of initiation complex

A

Initiation

58
Q

Adding nitrogenous bases

A

Elongation

59
Q

Rho-dependent and Rho-independent

A

Termination

60
Q

The protein factor that involved in the termination of transcription is called

A

Rho-factor

61
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription

A

Primary Transcript (pre mRNA)

62
Q

What involves in a mRNA processing or making mature mRNA

A

mRNA Splicing

63
Q

The _____ are noncoding sequences in the pre-mRNA that will be edited out in a process called ________

A

introns, mRNA splicing

64
Q

noncoding (between) sequence

A

introns

65
Q

coding (expressed) sequence

A

exon

66
Q

______ and ______ are added in the pre-mRNA to protect mRNA from enzymes in cytoplasm.

A

5’ cap and post A tail

67
Q

Splicing must be ______

A

Accurate

68
Q

A single base added or lost during splicing results in

A

it throws off the reading frame

69
Q

What is snRNPs?

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

70
Q

It is the small nuclear RNA and proteins

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

71
Q

Structure where several snRNPs are assembled and it recognize splice site sequence. It involves cut and paste

A

Spliceosome, cut the introns, paste the exons together

72
Q

What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of the location of DNA?

A

Prokaryote - DNA in Cytoplasm
Eukaryote - DNA in nucleus

73
Q

What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of the shape of chromosome?

A

Prokaryote - circular chromosome
Eukaryote - linear chromosome

74
Q

What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of the DNA?

A

Prokaryote - naked DNA
Eukaryote - DNA wound on histone proteins

75
Q

What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of introns?

A

Prokaryote - no introns
Eukaryote - introns vs. exons

76
Q

The nucleic acid language translated to amino acid language

A

Translation

77
Q

Blocks of 3 nucleotides decoded into the sequence of amino acids

A

Codons

78
Q

Read mRNA as it is being transcribed

A

Ribosomes

79
Q

Difference of prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

A

Time & physical separation between processes
Takes eukaryotes - 1 hour from DNA to Protein
RNA Processing
mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores
mRNA codes for proteins in triplets

80
Q

Determined 3 letter (triplets) codon system

A

Crick

81
Q

Determined mRNA -amino acid match.
Added fabricated mRNA to test tube of ribosomes, +RNA & amino acids

A

Nirenberg & Khorana

82
Q

Code for phenylalanine (phe)

A

UUU

83
Q

Strongest support for a common origin for all life.

A

CODE for ALL LIFE

84
Q

Several codons fro each amino acid

A

CODE is REDUNDANT

85
Q

3rd base

A

Wobble

86
Q

Start codon

A

AUG, methionine

87
Q

STOP codon

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

88
Q

Anti codon

A

Clover leaf end

89
Q

Amino acid is attaches on?

A

3’ end

90
Q

Enzymes which bonds amino acids to tRNA. And both requires energy

A

Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase

91
Q

Energy stored in tRNA amino acid bond

A

unstable, so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily

92
Q

Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

A

Ribosomes

93
Q

Structure of Ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & Protreins
2 subunits (large, small)

94
Q

Three tRNA sites

A

A site (Aminoacyl tRNA site)
P site (Peptidyl tRNA site)
E site (Exit site)

95
Q

Holds tRNA carrying next amino axis to be added to the chain.

A

A site (Aminoacyl tRNA site)

96
Q

Holds the tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

A

P site (Peptidyl tRNA site)

97
Q

Empty tRNA leaves ribosomes from exit site.

A

E site (Exit site)

98
Q

What are three tion involves in building a Polypeptide

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

99
Q

Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA

A

Initiation

100
Q

Adding amino acids based on codon sequence

A

Elongation

101
Q

End codon

A

Termination

102
Q

Carries the generic information for making the protein

A

mRNA

BIO101-GENZOO (8 decks)

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