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BIO101-GENZOO > From Gene to Protein > Flashcards

From Gene to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organelles involved in the process from gene to protein?

A

Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles

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2
Q

It is the house of the genetic material of DNA and it is the sight of the ribosomal RNA.

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

It is the main organelles for protein synthesis, it reads the nucleotide sequence and translates it to the amino acid sequence.

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Is is the internal membrane system creating channels and membrane-bound vesicles.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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5
Q

Two regions of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

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6
Q

Studded with ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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7
Q

embedded with enzymes and involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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8
Q

The ER transports the molecules its synthesizes to the??

A

Golgi complex

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9
Q

It forms the golgi complex

A

Golgi Apparatus

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10
Q

Collects, Packages, Modifies, and distributes molecules

A

Golgi Complex

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11
Q

Two types of vesicles

A

Transport Vesicles
Secretory Vesicles

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12
Q

Types of vesicle that import material

A

Transport vesicle

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13
Q

Type of vesicle that export material.

A

Secretory vesicle

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14
Q

It denotes the flow of genetic information in a cell.

A

Central Dogma

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15
Q

DNA - DNA

A

Replication

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16
Q

DNA - RNA

A

Transcription

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17
Q

DNA - RNA - PROTEIN

A

Translation

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18
Q

What are the two stages that is need to get the chemical language of DNA to the chemical language of protein?

A

Transcription and Translation

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19
Q

____ gets all the glory but _____ do all the work

A

DNA, Proteins

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20
Q

The mechanism on which our cell duplicate its DNA.

A

DNA Replication

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21
Q

The type of replication that can be observed in most of the living systems.

A

Semi-Conservative

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22
Q

Every round of DNA replication, the resulting DNA, the double helix has __________

A

new and old pair

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23
Q

The base pairing method that stated that purines always pair with pyrimidines.

A

Watson and Crick base pairing method

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24
Q

In what direction does the synthesis of a new straps runs?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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25
It is needed for initiation
Primer
26
Stimulates the enzymes for replication to stop the process.
Primer
27
A complex process involving several enzymes and proteins.
Replisome
28
Base pairing allows each straps to serve as a ____ for new strand
Replication of DNA, template
29
What ate the models of DNA Replication
Conservative Model Semi conservative Model Dispersive Model
30
The parental double helix remains intact and all new copy is made.
Conservative Model
31
The two strand of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
Semiconservative
32
Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts.
Dispersive
33
What are the DNA Polymerase I
5' - 3' = polymerization 3' - 5' = proof reading 5' - 3' = exonuclease activity
34
DNA Repair Functions
DNA Polymerase II
35
Primary Replication Enzyme
DNA Polymerase III
36
Responsible in the synthesis of new DNA strand
DNA Polymerase III
37
Cuts open the double helix to expose the replication templates or unwind the parental double helix.
Helicase
38
Lays down the RNA Primer for the replication of the lagging strand.
Primase
39
Seals that gap between Okazaki fragments at the lagging strand.
Ligase
40
Stabilizes the DNA single strands to prevent them from winding or stabilized the unwound parental DNA.
Single Strand Binding Proteins
41
Large enzymes that helps in relaxing the collect region of the chromosome.
Topoisomerase
42
From DNA language to RNA language
Transcription
43
DNA ________ the nucleus
can't leave
44
What are the three RNA Polymerase Enzymes
RNA Polymerase I RNA Polymerase II RNA Polymerase III
45
It only transcribes rRNA genes
Ribosomal RNA, RNA Polymerase I
46
Transcribes genes into mRNA
messenger RNA, RNA Polymerase II
47
transcribed tRNA
Transfer RNA, RNA Polymerase III
48
New Strand that DNA strands encode.
Leading stand
49
Other new strand that the other DNA strand which runs in the opposite direction encodes
Lagging strand
50
Formed when DNA Polymerase III adds DNA nucleotides to the primer
Okazaki Fragment 1
51
Other enzymes remove and repair incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors.
Mismatch repair
52
DNA - Cutting enzyme
Nuclease
53
Transcription factors bind to promoter region upstream of gene, suite of proteins which bind to DNA.
Initiation Complex
54
Binding site and recognition for transcription factors
TATA Box
55
It trigger the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
Transcription factors
56
What are the three process of transcription?
Initiation Elongation Termination
57
Assembly of initiation complex
Initiation
58
Adding nitrogenous bases
Elongation
59
Rho-dependent and Rho-independent
Termination
60
The protein factor that involved in the termination of transcription is called
Rho-factor
61
Eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription
Primary Transcript (pre mRNA)
62
What involves in a mRNA processing or making mature mRNA
mRNA Splicing
63
The _____ are noncoding sequences in the pre-mRNA that will be edited out in a process called ________
introns, mRNA splicing
64
noncoding (between) sequence
introns
65
coding (expressed) sequence
exon
66
______ and ______ are added in the pre-mRNA to protect mRNA from enzymes in cytoplasm.
5' cap and post A tail
67
Splicing must be ______
Accurate
68
A single base added or lost during splicing results in
it throws off the reading frame
69
What is snRNPs?
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
70
It is the small nuclear RNA and proteins
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
71
Structure where several snRNPs are assembled and it recognize splice site sequence. It involves cut and paste
Spliceosome, cut the introns, paste the exons together
72
What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of the location of DNA?
Prokaryote - DNA in Cytoplasm Eukaryote - DNA in nucleus
73
What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of the shape of chromosome?
Prokaryote - circular chromosome Eukaryote - linear chromosome
74
What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of the DNA?
Prokaryote - naked DNA Eukaryote - DNA wound on histone proteins
75
What is the difference between the prokaryotic and eukaryotes genes in terms of introns?
Prokaryote - no introns Eukaryote - introns vs. exons
76
The nucleic acid language translated to amino acid language
Translation
77
Blocks of 3 nucleotides decoded into the sequence of amino acids
Codons
78
Read mRNA as it is being transcribed
Ribosomes
79
Difference of prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Time & physical separation between processes Takes eukaryotes - 1 hour from DNA to Protein RNA Processing mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
80
Determined 3 letter (triplets) codon system
Crick
81
Determined mRNA -amino acid match. Added fabricated mRNA to test tube of ribosomes, +RNA & amino acids
Nirenberg & Khorana
82
Code for phenylalanine (phe)
UUU
83
Strongest support for a common origin for all life.
CODE for ALL LIFE
84
Several codons fro each amino acid
CODE is REDUNDANT
85
3rd base
Wobble
86
Start codon
AUG, methionine
87
STOP codon
UGA, UAA, UAG
88
Anti codon
Clover leaf end
89
Amino acid is attaches on?
3' end
90
Enzymes which bonds amino acids to tRNA. And both requires energy
Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase
91
Energy stored in tRNA amino acid bond
unstable, so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily
92
Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon
Ribosomes
93
Structure of Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & Protreins 2 subunits (large, small)
94
Three tRNA sites
A site (Aminoacyl tRNA site) P site (Peptidyl tRNA site) E site (Exit site)
95
Holds tRNA carrying next amino axis to be added to the chain.
A site (Aminoacyl tRNA site)
96
Holds the tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain
P site (Peptidyl tRNA site)
97
Empty tRNA leaves ribosomes from exit site.
E site (Exit site)
98
What are three tion involves in building a Polypeptide
Initiation Elongation Termination
99
Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA
Initiation
100
Adding amino acids based on codon sequence
Elongation
101
End codon
Termination
102
Carries the generic information for making the protein
mRNA

BIO101-GENZOO (8 decks)

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