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BIO101-GENZOO > Chromosomal Basis of Heridity > Flashcards

Chromosomal Basis of Heridity Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes are found ______

A

Inside the nucleus

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2
Q

It control protein synthesis thereby influencing traits.

A

Genes

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3
Q

The Prokaryotic Chromosomes is found in?

A

Nucleoid region

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosomes have chromosomes spread in their _______ but in the particular trend called

A

Cytoplasm, nucleoid

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5
Q

It is the end part of the chromosomes.

A

Telomere

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6
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes is packed with coils and proteins which we call

A

Nucleosome

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7
Q

End part of the chromosome

A

Telomere

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8
Q

Sequence of Telomere

A

TTAGGG (500-3000 times)

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9
Q

It maintains the TTAGGG sequence

A

Telomerases

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10
Q

Telomerases shortens every

A

Cell division

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11
Q

If the cell is not undergoing cell division, then the chromosomes are in the form of ______

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

Long-thin strands that are not visible during cell division.

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

Thick and shortened strands of DNA that are visible during cell division

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

What do you call the two threads that is visible during the beginning of mitosis?

A

Sister Chromatids

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15
Q

What does the presence of sister chromatids indicate during cell division?

A

It indicates that replication is complete and the DNA content in the cell is already twice the normal number

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16
Q

One centromere is equals to

A

One chromosome

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17
Q

During mitosis, the sister chromatids separate and are places into _____ ______

A

Two nuclei

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18
Q

Where does the daughter chromatids bound?

A

Centromere

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19
Q

It also involve in aging or senescence

A

Telomeres

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20
Q

What are the four types of Chromosomes based on Centromeric Positions?

A

√ Metacentric
√ Submetacentric
√ Acrocentric
√ Telocentric

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21
Q

When the primary constriction divides the arms equally.

A

Metacentric

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22
Q

Short arm

A

Submetacentric

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23
Q

Has a satellite, very unequal arms and has secondary constriction

A

Acrocentric

24
Q

When the centromere is positioned at the end of chromosome

A

Telocentric

25
Q

What does satellite used for?

A

Barcording, molecular profiling of species

26
Q

Short arm

A

p

27
Q

long arm

A

q

28
Q

A specific region of the eukaryotic
chromosome where the kinetochore
(the complex of DNA and proteins
to which the spindle fibers) attach
and pull the chromosomes during
both mitosis and meiosis.

A

Centromere

29
Q

Attach to the spindle fiber that are responsible of moving the chromosomes around.

A

Kinetochore

30
Q

The Numbers of Chromosomes

A

√ Constant for each cell in the body (except
sex cells which only have half sets).
√ Constant throughout the life of an
individual (you don’t lose or gain
chromosomes)
√ Constant for all members of a species

31
Q

How long does the process of mitosis?

A

In 16 hours, only 1 hour is spent in mitosis

32
Q

Phase when cells do not divide

A

G0

33
Q

Difference in meiosis in mitosis

A

√ synapsis
√ crossing over
√ metaphase 1 chromosomes align by pair

34
Q

What are the Substages of Prophase 1

A
  1. Leptotene stage (leptonema)
  2. Zygotene stage (zygonema)
  3. Pachytene stage (pachynema)
  4. Diplotene stage
  5. Diakineses
35
Q

Chromatins condense

A

Leptotene stage (leptonema)

36
Q
  • where chromosomes thicken and shorten
  • homologous recombination happens because of crossing-over
A

Pachytene Stage (Pachynema)

37
Q

-Synapsis occur
- synaptonemal complex appears
- homologous align along their entire length

A

Zygotene stage (Zygonema)

38
Q
  • characterized by desynapsis
  • chiasmata formation
  • synaptonemal complex dissolve
  • separation start except at the sure of crossing over
A

Diplotene

39
Q
  • end stage
  • chiasmata terminalization
  • bivalent are being distributed evenly in the nucleus
  • breakdown of nuclear membrane
A

Diakinesis

40
Q

Multicellular organisms copy their
chromosomes before cell division. And they must grow to a mature size.

A

Interphase

41
Q

The nucleus divides, distributing
the chromosomes into two equal
groups.

A

mitosis

42
Q

The cytoplasm then divides each part taking a
nucleus.

A

cytokinesis

43
Q

Results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

Mitosis

44
Q

During Mitosis, the daughter cells are _____
to one another and to the original parent cell.

A

identical

45
Q

Results in the production of gametes (sex) cells.

A

Meiosis

46
Q

What happened to the numbers of chromosomes during meiosis?

A

Reduces the number of chromosomes into half.

47
Q

What happens to the Metaphase stage of Mitosis?

A

Duplicated Chromosomes line up individually on spindle

48
Q

What happens to the Metaphase stage of Meiosis?

A

Homologous pairs of duplicated chromosomes (tetrads) line up in the spindle

49
Q

What happens to the Middle Prophase 1 stage of Meiosis?

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

50
Q

What happens to the Late Prophase 1 stage of Meiosis?

A

Duplication becomes visible

51
Q

The sex of many animals is determined by
genes but on chromosomes called

A

sex chromosomes

52
Q

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

A

Autosome

53
Q

Female (XX)

A

Homogametic

54
Q

Male (XY)

A

Heterogametic

55
Q

• Presence of Y- chromosome = maleness (mammals and fish)
• Presence of second X- chromosome = femaleness (Drosophila, the fruit fly)

A

Homogametic - Female (XX)
Heterogametic - Male (XY)

56
Q

Sex Determination of Birds, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, moths.

A

Homogametic - Male (ZZ)
Heterogametic - Female (ZW)

57
Q

Sex Determination of Grasshoppers

A

Homogametic - Female (XX)
Heterogametic - Male (XO)

BIO101-GENZOO (8 decks)

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