Lesson 10 - Circulatiom Flashcards by Mary Therese Deguilmo

What are the function of circulatory system?

• carry out nutrients and oxygen to cells
• carry waste away from cells
• carry chemical signals from one body
part to another
• distribute heat throughout the body
• maintain fluid levels

— vast network of organs and vessels that is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and other gases from and into the cells —

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An organism that do not need a circulatory
system

Unicellular Organism

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An organism that lacks circulatory system

Simple aquatic multicellular organism

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Sponge’s digestive system

Choanocytes

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Pores of the sponge

Porocytes

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Line the outside of the sponge and from its skin

Flat Epidermal

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One of the cell of sponge that transport nutrients, secrets the spicules, and production of gametes

Amoebocytes

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An organism that require a circulatory system

Complex Multicellular Organism

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Two types of Circulatory System

Open Circulatory System and Close Circulatory System

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The blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels, but is pumped into a body cavity.
open circulation which no small blood vessels or capillaries interfacing with cells or connecting arteries with veins.

Open Circulatory System

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A body cavity that contains blood and functions as part of the circulatory system. It also contains circulatory fluid.

Hemocoel

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A circulating fluid in the bodies of some invertebrates that is the equivalent of blood

Hemolymph

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A small opening or orifice, as in a body organ or passage

Ostia

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A closed-loop system in which the blood is
not moving freely in a cavity.
Described is a closed circulation because the circulating fluid, blood, is confined to vessels throughout its journey through the vascular system

Closed Circulatory System

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Blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again.

Closed Circulatory System

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Central organ of the cardiovascular system where it pumps blood around the body.

Heart

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Lined by endothelium just like the blood vessels, and it’s the innermost layer of the heart which means that its direct contact with the blood

Endocardium

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What are the layers of the heart wall

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium, Pericardium (Serious Pericardium and Fibrous Pericardium)

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Lined by endothelium just like the blood vessels, and it’s the innermost layer of the heart which means that its direct contact with the blood

Endocardium

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Responsible for the pumping action of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue

Myocardium

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Visceral layer of the pericardium or outermost
protective layer of the heart where it composed of mesothelium, a cell type that covers and protects most of the internal organs of the body. It also contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that supplies the myocardium

Epicardium

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Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

Pericardium

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Inner layer of pericardium

Serious Pericardium

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Two layers of Serious Pericardium

Parietal layer of the pericardium
Visceral layer of the serious pericardium

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Outer layer that's firmly attached to the fibrous pericardium. There's no space between them.

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

The innermost layer of your pericardium.

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Tough, outermost layer of pericardium. It's made of connective tissue that prevents your heart from expanding too much.

Fibrous Pericardium

Space formed between the two layers of serous pericardium around the heart.

Pericardial Cavity

A tube through which the blood circulate in the blood circulates in the body. It include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Blood vessels

Layers of the blood vessels

Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Externa

Hemocoel is composed of the primary body cavity

Persistent Blastocoel

Contraction

Systolic

Relaxation

Diastolic

Inneermost layer of the blood vessels which consists of a flat epithelial cells that slows fluid to flow smoothly

Tunica Intima

Middle Layer of the Blood vessels which made of smooth muscles and sheers of protein elastin responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Tunica Media

Muscles around the blood vessels tighten to make the space inside smaller

Vasoconstriction

Opens the blood vessels to make the space inside bigger

Vasodilation

External layer of the blood vessels that made of loosely woven collagen fibers

Tunica Externa

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries, Veins, and Caplillaries

Vessels leaving the heart (heart to body)

Arteries

Types of Arteries

Elastic Arteries Muscular Arteries

The largest arteries closest to the heart and invested with thick layers of elastic fibers very little smooth muscle and tough inelastic connective tissue

Elastic arteries

Example of elastic fibers

Aorta and pulmonary arteries

Carry oxygenated blood throughout the body/carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

Aorta

Carries deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary arteries

Arteries farther away from the heart possess more smooth muscle and less elastic fibers. It can also decrease or increase their diameter

Muscular arteries

Examples of muscular arteries

Femoral, radial, and brachial arteries

Main blood vessel supplying the blood to your lower body. It starts in the upper thighs, near your groin, and runs down to the back of your knee

Femoral

Blood vessels that supplies blood to the forearm and hand

Radial

Major blood vessel located in the upper arm is the main supplier of blood to the arm and hand .

Brachial arteries

Vessels bring back blood to heart (body to heart) it also has valves ( to prevent backflow of blood) as blood flows against gravity

Veins

The transfer system between arteries and veins, it also has capillary bed and has large surface area

Capillaries

Contraction of muscles to help veins bring back blood to heart

Secondary circulation

Transport medium of the circulatory system

Blood

Most common plasma protein for maintaining normal blood volume and pressure

Albumin

Attack target infection for WBC response

Immunoglobin

Coiled proteins for blood clotting

Fibrinogen

Red blood cells is also called as

erythrocytes

White blood cells also called

Leukocytes

Derived from stem cells in bone marrow; colorless and has no hemoglobin

White blood cells

Types of white blood cells

Lymphocytes, Granulocytes, and Memory cells

This produce antibodies

Lymphocytes

This produce histamine

Granulocytes

Engulfment of bacteria (active transport)

Phagocytosis

Provides life-long immunity from repeat infections

Memory cells

Another name for platelets

thrombocytes

Not true cells; they are rint fragments of other cells megakaryocytes and plays an role in blood clotting, releasing prothrombin (clotting factors)

Platelets

Unwanted clotting of blood

Thrombosis

Heart blockage of the coronary artery

Coronary thrombosis

2 chambered heart means

- One atrium and one ventricle - single circulation Ex: fish

3 chambered heart which means

- two atria, one ventricle (both oxygenated and deoxygenated collide) - double circulation Ex: reptile/amphibian heart

4 chambered heart means

- two atria, two ventricles (oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate) - double circulation ex: mammalian heart

What are the two chambers of fish heart

Atria and ventricles

Upper chamber and it pumps the blood intro the ventricle

Auricle and atrium

Lower chamber

Ventricles

Elastic compartments which does not pump but has the ability to stretch or squeeze

Cunos

Enlarged chamber which collects blood from venous system

Sinus venosus

Network of veins that work to deliver deoxygenated blood back to your heart

Venous system

thickened muscular cavity

bulbus arteriousus

Blood flow in a fish heart

An elastic artery is the (smallest) arteries closest to the heart and invested with thick layers of elastic fibers.

Largest

The (Pulmonary arteries) carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

Aorta

(Granulocytes) produce antibodies.

Lymphocytes

Granulocytes produce antibodies.

The (bulbus arteriosus) is an elastic compartment which does not pump, but has the ability to stretch or squeeze.

Cunos

The right atrium of an amphibian heart receives venous blood from the body.

TRUE

The blood flow of a (systemic circulation ) is blood from the HEART-LUNGS-HEART.

Cardiopulmonary

B-Cells attacks infected cells.

T-Cells

This is a muscle around the blood vessels that tighten to make the space inside smaller.

Vasoconstriction

This is a space formed between the two layers of serious pericardium around the heart.

Pericardial Cavity

This is a major blood vessel located in the upper arm and is the main supplier of blood to the arm and hand.

Brachial arteries

Regular contractions are established by specialized cardiac muscle cells called _______.

Pacemaker cells

A membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.

Pericardium

What are the Circulatory Fluids?

Interstitial Fluid, Blood, and Hemolymph

is the natural pacemaker of the heart that determines heart rate in mammals, including humans

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

Squid have three hearts:

two branchial hearts and one systemic heart.

Heart is divided into a right and left side, the two sides are separated by a

septum

The heart has four chambers, the

right atrium, right ventricles, left atrium and left ventricles.

Valve involves in the blood circulation of a mammalian heart

Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Mitral valve Aortic valve

collects, cleans and returns back the fluid inot the blood

Lymphatic System

assists in cleansing body fluids - defense

Immune system

a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks of the foreign invaders

Immune System

2 types of Immune System

Innate and Adaptive

Innate type of immune system

Non specific, first degree line of defense

Adaptive Immune System

Specific, second degree line of defense

Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes

Innate

Slower responses to specific microbes

Acquired immunity

Invading microbes

Pathogens

Responses in an acquired immunity

Humoral Response ( antibodies) Cell-mediated response ( cytotoxic lymphocytes)

Non specific defenses that are designed to prevent infections by viruses and bacterias

Innate Immune System; First Line of Defense

Specific defenses are those that gives us immunity to certain disease

Acquired Immunity: Second Line of Defense

Major players in the immune system

Macrophages Anti-bodies T-cells B-cells

Attacks invaders outside the cells - plasma, memory

B cells

Attacks infected cells - helper, cytotoxic, helper

T cells

A protein produced to tag and destroy invasive microbes

Antibody

Various chemicals that produce my soil microbes that are toxic to many materials

Antibiotic

A protein that body uses to recognize self and non-self

Antigen

Humoral Immune System is all about the

B cells and antibodies

This is activated when cells in the body are infected by a virus,bacterium, or fungus (intracellular invaders).

Humoral Immune Response

Cell-mediated Response is all about the

T cells, macrophages, antigen

Activate the cell mediated response

T cells

Example of a Humoral Immune Response

Eczema

Example of a cell mediated response

Toenail Fungus and contact dematitis

B in b- cells

Bursa

T in T-cells

Thymus