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Anatomy > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of similar cells with a specific structural and functional role in an organ

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2
Q

histology

A

the study of microscopic structures of tissues

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3
Q

what are the four primary tissue types and their general functions

A
  1. epithelial tissue - protects, absorbs, secretes, excretes, filters, senses
  2. connective tissue - supports, protects, binds other tissues
  3. nervous tissue - control, communication
  4. muscular tissue - movement
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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers surface or lines body cavities
one or more cells thick (depends on function and location)
6 broad functions in the body:
1. protection
2. absorption
3. secretion
4. excretion
5. filtration
6. sensation
ex. taste cells, stomach, respiratory tract, blood vessels, retina (portions of it), kidneys, heart (pericardium), small intestine
basically everywhere

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5
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. cells are very close together (held with tight junctions)
  2. very few blood vessels
  3. always associated with deeper connective tissue

^^because they get nutrients/stuff from the blood from the connective tissue. CT is highly vascularized and feeds the epithelial tissue

  1. high rate of mitosis

^^constantly shedding the top layer, so it needs to be replaced quickly

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6
Q

basement membrane

A

located between the epithelium and connective tissue (holds the two together)
made of collagen and adhesive glycoproteins (makes it sticky)
anchor both tissues

necessary bc the epithelium is dependent on the CT

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7
Q

what does it mean that epithelial cells have polarity

A

they have two different surfaces
1. apical surface - free surface, not attached to other cells
where the action takes place (release and absorption of stuff)
2. basal surface - attached to basement membrane
physically connects cell to basement membrane which holds it to CT

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8
Q

what are the differences between simple and stratified cells

A

generally: layer of cells, shape of cells, basement membrane

  1. simple epithelium has one layer of cells, stratified epithelium has more than one layer
  2. simple epithelium is named by the shape of cells, stratified epithelium is named by the shape of the apical cells
  3. in simple epithelium, all cells touch the basement membrane, in stratified epithelium, not all cells touch the basement membrane
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9
Q

what are the four types of simple epithelial tissue

A

all one cell layer thick

  1. simple squamos epithelial tissue
  2. simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
  3. simple columnar epithelial tissue
  4. pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
    ^ looks stratified, but not all cells touch the apical surface (all cells touch the basement membrane)
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10
Q

what are the four types of stratified epithelial tissue

A

2-20 layers thick, only the deepest layers are attached to the basement membrane

  1. stratified squamous epithelial tissue
  2. stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
  3. stratified columnar epithelial tissue
  4. transitional epithelial tissue
    ^tissue changes shape
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11
Q

what are the four membranes that epithelial tissue forms

A

External membrane
1. cutaneous membrane
skin

Internal membranes
2. mucous membrane (mucosa)
lines passages that open to the exterior
ex. digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

  1. serous membrane (serosa)
    lines the outer surface of most organs (viscera)
    ex. pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum
  2. endothelium
    internal lining of blood vessels, heart, lymph vessels
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12
Q

what is the connective tissue layer of the mucosa

A

lamina propria

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13
Q

mucous membranes secrete ____

A

mucus

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14
Q

what kind of epithelial cells are in serous membranes?
mucous membranes?

A

serous membranes are always simple squamos
mucous membranes can be different types of epithelium

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15
Q

serous membranes secrete ____

A

serous fluid

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16
Q

what is the function of the serosa

A

gets rid of friction between organs

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17
Q

what is the connective tissue layer of the serosa

A

areolar connective tissue

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18
Q

what are the numerous functions of connective tissue

A

binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transportation

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19
Q

general features of connective tissue

A

cells are not very close together
can be vascularized (ex. dense irregular) or not (hyaline cartilage)

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20
Q

why does it take so long for a tear in fibrocartilage (ACL and meniscus) to heal?

A

bc its not vascularized – need blood flow to heal properly and quickly

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21
Q

what are the five general types of connective tissue

A

fibrous CT
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone tissue
blood

22
Q

what are the three main elements that make up all CT

A

cells
fibers
ground substance
(fibers and ground substance make up the extracellular matrix

23
Q

what exactly is the extracellular matrix in CT

A

extracellular material composed of non cellular substances, like water, proteins, carbs, gases, ions, nutrients, wastes, etc.

2 specific non cellular substances:
fibers: fibrous proteins
ground substance: viscous gel like substance made up of carbs and/or proteins that holds together body cells

24
Q

function of the extracellular matrix in CT

A

-provides physical scaffolding for tissue
-initiates and maintains crucial physiological processes in tissues
ex. cell adhesion, water regulation, tissue growth, repair, and differentiation
-different functions depending on tissue type
ex. matrix of bone is what makes it hard (has fibers and calcium phosphate)
ex. blood matrix has no fibers, just plasma (ground substance)

25
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells in connective tissues that produce the fibers and ground substance

26
Q

what are the three types of fibers in CT

A

collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

27
Q

collagen fibers

A

made of the protein collagen
degrades as we age –> wrinkles
most abundant protein in the body (25%)
tough, flexible, resists stretching

28
Q

reticular fibers

A

thin collagen fibers, coated with glycoproteins
bind together organs

29
Q

elastic fibers

A

made of the protein elastin
coiled structure that allows for recoiling after stretching
abundant in arteries (need to expand and contract with blood flow)

30
Q

what are the three types of ground substances in CT`

A

glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
proteoglycans & glycoproteins

31
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

long polysaccharides
aid in regulating electrolytes and water balance
can be as large as a cell

  • they have a negative charge that attracts Na+ and other positive ions to the tissue
  • water will follow the solutes

hylaronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan
- very good for skin bc it moisturizes it

condroitan lines joints
- pulls water to joints and can help with arthritis

32
Q

proteoglycans

A

polysaccharides with proteins
slows the spread of pathogenic organisms in tissues so that the immune system can catch it

ex. fruit that is stuck in jello (pathogen that is stuck in a proteoglycan)

33
Q

proteoglycans and glycoproteins

A

protein-carbohydrate complexes
attach CAMs (cellular adhesion molecules) to fibers in the matrix

34
Q

what are the two main (and four sub) categories of fibrous connective tissue

A

fibrous connective tissue
1. loose connective tissue
- areolar connective tissue
- reticular connective tissue
2. dense connective tissue
- dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue

35
Q

what is main difference between loose and dense connective tissue

A

loose CT has more ground substance than cells/fibers
dense CT has more cells/fibers than ground substance

36
Q

general features of fibrous connective tissue

A

most diverse type, very conspicuous fibers

37
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

highly vascularized
function in nutrient waste and exchange
found almost everywhere (99% of the time, it is immediately deep to epithelial tissue)
it is sticky - binding between epithelial layer and deeper CT

38
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

function in framework for lymphatic organs
located in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
sticky - holds together lymphatic organs
like a netted bag with cells inside

39
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

function in binding bones and muscles
located in ligaments and tendons
fibers arranged in regular straight motion (only one direction)

40
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

functions in withstanding stress, supporting epithelium (vascularized)
located in the dermis, deep to serous membranes
fibers arranged in an irregular pattern

41
Q

adipose tissue

A

functions in filling space (between organs, etc –> gives structure) , energy storage
located in subcutaneous fat, organs, breasts, usually found deep to skin
very little matrix in between cells

42
Q

cartilage (general) + name three types and their fibers

A

very few blood vessels
nutrition/waste exchange is slow
harder to heal
3 types (that may have specific names)
-hyaline cartilage -> collagen fibers
-elastic cartilage -> elastic fibers
-fibrocartilage -> course bundles of collagen fibers

43
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

functions in movement and structure
located in bones, lines respiratory system (trachea, larynx, etc. – keeps airways open), ribs (connects bone to sternum)

looks glassy and reflective
covers tips of bones and joints

a precursor of bone (all bone develops from hyaline cartilage)

44
Q

elastic cartilage

A

functions in giving a flexible structure
located in the ear (funnel of auricle), epiglottis

has conspicuous elastic fibers

45
Q

fibrocartilage

A

functions to absorb shock and resist compression (ex. in knees)
found in intervertebral discs, menisci, and pubic symphysis
chondrocytes are in rows in lacunae

46
Q

bone tissue

A

bone can refer to an organ or a tissue
functions in supporting, protecting, movement, Ca2+ and P storage
located in skeleton and ears
bone tissue is metabolically active

47
Q

blood tissue

A

functions in transportation (O2, nutrients, waste, etc.), immunity (WBC), and clotting (platelets)
located in blood vessels, heart
plasma is ECM

48
Q

what is excitable tissue

A

nervous and muscular tissue
has an electric charge that moves across the plasma membrane

49
Q

nervous tissue

A

functions in communication
located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

50
Q

muscular tissue

A

3 types:
skeletal
cardiac
smooth

functions in movement in the body

Anatomy (11 decks)

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