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Anatomy > integumentary system > Flashcards

integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system, generally

A

organ system composed of the skin and accessory organs

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2
Q

weight and thickness of skin

A

skin makes up about 15% of body weight and is 1.5-4.0 mm in thickness
heaviest and largest organ

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3
Q

what two layers make up the integument, what layer is not included

A

epidermis and dermis make up the integument
the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) is not included

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4
Q

what tissue type makes up the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis?

A

epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium
dermis: dense irregular connective tissue
hypodermis: adipose tissue

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5
Q

thick skin

A

located on palms, soles, fingers, and toes
due to a thick stratum corneum
sweat glands are present
no hairs or sebaceous glands present

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6
Q

thin skin

A

located on all parts of the body except for where thick skin is
due to a thin stratum corneum
sweat glands are present
hair follicles and sebaceous oil glands are present

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7
Q

what are three general functions of skin

A
  1. resistance to trauma and infection (epidermis)
    -keratinized, acid mantle, and defensins
  2. other barrier functions
    -water barrier and UV radiation protection
  3. vitamin D synthesis
    -bone development and maintenance
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8
Q

explain the vitain D synthesis pathway

A
  1. through a normal cholesterol synthesis pathway, there is 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin
  2. with the use of UV light (a light dependent reaction), the 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted into cholecalciferol (which is an inactive form of vitamin D)

^^ this all happens in the epidermis

  1. the cholecalciferol travels to the liver where it is hydroxylated by and enzyme called 25-hydroxylase. the molecule is now called calcidiol.
  2. calcidiol then travels to the kidneys where it is hydroxylated by enzyme 1-hydroxylase. the molecule is now called calcitriol which is active vitamin D
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9
Q

what three structures are responsible for the function of sensation in the skin

A
  1. tactile corpuscle - feeling light touch (on basal edge of epidermis)
  2. tactile disk - feeling heat/cold (on basal edge of epidermis)
  3. lamellar corpuscle - feeling pressure/vibration (deeper in dermis)
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10
Q

explain how skin functions with thermoregulation

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels

vasodilation increases blood flow (widens blood vessels) near the epidermis. this allows the blood vessels to release more heat across the epidermis
ex. face turns red while exercising.

vasoconstriction - blood vessels near the epidermis constrict, retaining more heat by reducing blood flow
ex. you get rlly pale when you are very cold

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11
Q

how do sweat glands help with thermoregulation

A

eccrine (sweat) glands release sweat onto the skin, which through evaporative cooling, cools the surface of the skin

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12
Q

list the layers (strata) of the skin from top to bottom

A

top

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
dermis

bottom

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13
Q

what are the five cell types of the epidermis & explain

A
  1. keratinocytes
    -specific name for epithelial cells of the epidermis
    - most abundant
    - derived from stem cells
    - keratin, acidity, defensins, 7-dehydrocholesterol
    - responsible for water boundary (waterproofing - not losing water through skin other than sweat)
  2. stem cells
    - undifferentiated cells
    -give rise to keratinocytes
  3. melanocytes
    -produce the pigment, melanin
    - continually shed melanosomes
    - protection from UV light
  4. tactile cells
    -touch receptors in epidermis and dermis
    -tactile disc –> a tactile cell(epidermis) connected by a neuron (dermis)
  5. dendritic cells (langerhans cells)
    -macrophages
    -toxins, microbes, other pathogens
    - alerts immune system to pathogens or removes pathogens
    - about 800 cells per mm2
    - have arm like projections (dendrites)
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14
Q

explain the process that melanin goes through

A

a cell called a melanocyte possesses appendages called psuedopodium (ia)
they produce melanosomes which are organelles with melanin in them (in the psuedopodia)
the melanocyte exocytoses the melanosome which gets endocytosed by a keratinocyte.
the melanin from the melanosome covers the superficial portion of the nucleus to protect it from UV radiation

responsible for darker pigmented skin
eventually the keratinocytes die and the color fades

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15
Q

explain how melanin amount controls skin color

A

everyone has a similar number of melanocytes but darker skin possesses more melanin and lighter skin possesses less melanin.

under a slide, you can see more melanin being accumulated at the basal membrane in darker skin but in lighter skin there is not much accumulation of melanin

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16
Q

why is there variation in skin color

A

due to variation in ancestral exposure to UV light
there is more UV radiation in tropical regions while the poles of the world have a lot less

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17
Q

explain the relationship between folate and vitamin D

A

UV light breaks down folate
UV light stimulates vitamin D synthesis in keratinocytes

folate=folic acid, vitalin B9
^ needed for cell division, fertility, and fetal development

vitamin D is needed for absorption of Ca2+ and therefore bone development

balancing how much UV light is required to not break down folate and to stimulate vit D synthesis

in tropics, ppl have melanized skin to block out excess UV light
in poles, ppl have less melanized skin to take in more UV light

globally, women have 4% lighter skin than men do so that they can get more vit D to support preganancy and lactation

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18
Q

characteristics of keratinocyte development

A

journey takes 30-40 days
slower as you age – less skin regeneration leads to wrinkles, coarse skin, etc.
quicker in injured tissue
quicker and thicker stratum corneum in stressed tissues – calluses due to injuries, repeated using of hands/feet (ex. weight lifting, running)

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19
Q

sstratum basale

A

single layer of cells on basement membrane
stem cells (becoming keratinocytes), melanocytes, tactile cells
^^need a major blood supply (closest to CT)

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20
Q

stratum spinosum

A

thick layer of cells becoming developmentally mature
producing keratin inside of the cell
cells are connected by desmosomes - you can see spines coming out of dehydrated, shriveled up cells on a slide but not when they are alive and hydrated

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21
Q

stratum granulosum

A

keratinocytes are developmentally mature
cells develop conspicuous granules

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22
Q

what are the functions of the granules in the stratum granulosum cells

A

epidermal water barrier
protective keratin layer

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23
Q

what are the two types of granules in the stratum granulosum, what do they each release

A

keratohyalin - release a protein called filaggin
lamellar - release lipids

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24
Q

explain the purpose of granules in the stratum granulosum

A

keratohylain granules produce the protein filaggrin which binds keratin fibers from the stratum spinosum together into bundles
this strengthens the keratinocyte

lamellar granules exocytose lipids and forms the epidermal water boundary just above the stratum granulosum

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25
Q

explain the lipid water boundary

A

without the lipid water boundary, we would lose so much water and maybe live for a day
this is why burn victims need hydration because their lipid layer is damaged and they cannot retain water

water gets stopped at the lipid boundary right above the stratum granulosum
the stratum corneum swells with water bc it cant pass through the boundary (this is why fingertips prune in water)

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26
Q

why can some drugs be creams

A

because they can go through the lipid water boundary (they are lipid soluble not water soluble)

ex. nicotene patches, estrogen patches/creams, lidocaine patches (steroids)

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27
Q

stratum lucidium

A

cells begin to lose organelles and die

densely packed with keratin

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28
Q

stratum corneum

A

cells are dead, filled with keratin
provides physical protection

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29
Q

what is the final process in keratinocyte development

A

desquamation

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30
Q

desquamation

A

separation of the cell from the surface of the stratum corneum

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31
Q

what is dandruff

A

accelerated desquamation
caused by yeast in genus Malassezia
a buildup of sebum can sometimes lead to a buildup of fungus which is the dandruff
when the superficial layer of the epidermis gets damaged, the rate of keratinocyte production increases and therefore the rate of desquamation increases
Zinc in dandruff shampoos kills the yeast

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32
Q

what do lotions and creams do for dry skin

A

traps in moisture which moisturizes dead skin cells
contains two things:
1. humectants
2. emollients

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33
Q

what do humectants and emollients do

A

humectants attract water from the air
they are negatively charged particles that attract ions to skin and therefore water
can be urea, glycerine, or any type of acid

emollients fill spaces in the stratum corneum between cells
hydrates skin and looks more full
typically are fats, petroleum, or mineral oil

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34
Q

purpose of dermis and what kind of tissues are found

A

provides blood and nutrients to the epidermis
composed of
dense irregular connective tissue
loose areolar connective tissue
adipose tissue
stratified cuboidal epithelium (sweat glands)

35
Q

what makes the waves in the epidermis-dermis boundary

A

dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

36
Q

dermal papillae

A

extensions of the dermis into the epidermis

37
Q

epidermal ridges

A

extensions of the epidermis into the dermis

38
Q

what is the function of dermal papillae and epidermal ridges?

A
  • joining of the epidermis and dermis
  • thermoregulation - blood vessels from dermis are closer to the surface (vasoconstriction and dilation)
  • sensation - things like tactile corpuscles and such closer to the surface for pressure receptions
  • provide surface for friction (grasping objects)
39
Q

what are fingerprints

A

friction ridges
used for better gripping and increased sensation (sensors in the epidermal ridges)

40
Q

what are the two major layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer (dermal papillae)
reticular layer (everything deep to papillary)

41
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A

mostly areolar connective tissue
loosely organized
leukocyte mobility – they leave the circulatory system and move through the dermis to catch pathogens
rich in blood vessels

42
Q

reticular layer of the dermis

A

mostly dense irregular connective tissue
lots of thick collagen bundles
resists stretching and provides support
space for glands/hairs/blood vessels
there are NO reticular fibers here
the word reticular = net/fiber - like structure

43
Q

what makes up the hypodermis

A

HD = layer below the skin
the most vascularized layer
largely adipose tissue
energy reserve, thermal insulation, protection

44
Q

why is it called a hypodermic needle and why is it used for vaccines, etc

A

bc it reaches the hypodermis layer
so that the vaccines/whatever they are injecting can reach the highly vascularized tissue of the hypodermis (it can enter the blood stream easily)

45
Q

explain the extent of each type of burn

A

burns are damage due to heat, sunlight, acids/bases, or electrical shock
classified according to the depth of tissue damage

1st degree burns only breach the epidermis
- sunburns, etc
2nd degree burns get through the epidermis and dermis
- leakage of blood plasma (blister bubbles)
3rd degree burns get through the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
- destroying integument into the HD

46
Q

why does dehydration occur in burn victims/what is impact

A

loss of liters of water
loss of 75% of blood plasma in a few hours
death due to cardiac arrest

bc of damage done to the lipid water boundary
bc they are losing a lot of their blood volume in plasma, they are not moving nutrients or oxygen through the body

47
Q

why does infection occur in severe burn victims

A

patients are kept in an aseptic environment and are given antibiotics in high doses

they lose macrophages (dendritic cell) (or leukocytes potentially) that get rid of pathogens and the physical barrier of the integument is damaged

48
Q

why do severe burn patients require extra calories

A

require thousands of extra calories per day
to heal the damaged skin
the integumentary system is very metabolically active

49
Q

what are the three types of skin cancer caused by UV radiation

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
    happens in stratum basale
    most common
    curable by removal
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
    mostly impacts the squamous spinosum
    second most common
    curable by removal
    often metastasizes to adjacent lymph nodes
  3. melanoma
    affects melanocytes in the stratum basale
    least common
    most deadly
    metastasizes very quickly
50
Q

what is SPF

A

sun protective factor
calculating SPF:
time to burn with sunscreen divided by time to burn without sunscreen

a higher SPF is not always better
SPF 30,50, and 100 are basically the same

you need a copious amount of sunscreen for it to be effective

51
Q

vitaligo

A

disease that causes the loss of skin color
often in patches that tend to grow over time

symptoms:
hypopigmentation (often first on hands and feet)
premature hair whitening

cause:
destruction of melanocytes
autoimmune disorder, typically genetic

prognosis:
not life threatening or contagious but it does spread
no known cure

52
Q

how does hemoglobin influence skin color

A

hemoglobin is a blood protein that transports oxygen
it has the red pigment that makes all blood red

oxygenated blood is bright red while deoxygenated blood is a little less red

veins are green/purple bc you are looking at hemoglobin through layers of dense irregular connective tissue with lots of collagen

lips are pink bc they are highly vascularized in dermis

53
Q

how does carotene influence skin color

A

carotene is a yellow pigment from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables

accumulates in thick skin of stratum corneum or in subcutaneous fat

ex. calluses in foot turn an orange/yellow color

54
Q

erythema

A

abnormal redness of the skin
short term: caused by exercise, hot weather, sun burns, rosacia

rosacia is the dilation of blood vessels
we dont know what causes it (most likely autoimmune, hereditary)

55
Q

pallor

A

abnormal paleness
could be caused by:
indication of low blood pressure
cold weather which causes vasoconstriction
extreme anemia - not enough RBCs - not enough hemoglobin

56
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal blueness of skin
blue tips of fingers

linked to oxygen deficiency/obstruction
blocked airway, lung disease, etc.
cardiac arrest

57
Q

jaundice

A

abnormal yellowness of skin and whites of eyes
caused by buildup of the pigment bilirubin

-bilirubin forms when hemoglobin gets broken down

  • normally, it doesnt stay in the body bc the liver collects it and puts in bile in the gallbladder –> small intestine –> poop (why poop is brown (bilirubin is broken down by bacteria which turns it brown))

jaundice is indicative of liver or gallbladder problems bc it accumulates in the body

newborns are often born with jaundice bc their livers are underdeveloped
- they use UV lights in baby rooms to break down the bilirubin (it usually is not a health issue)

58
Q

hematoma

A

bruise
skin changing colors –> red/purple bleeding bc of a broken blood vessel

eventually it turns a green ish color – bilirubin is accumulated in the skin

when bilirubin sits for a while, it gets broken down into biliverdin (green color)

59
Q

what are hair and nails made of (generally)

A

keratin bundled by filaggrin

60
Q

what are hairs

A

pilus (pili)
slender filament of keratinized cells

-there are about 5 mil hairs on body
- there are 100,000 hairs on scalp
- you lose about 50-100 scalp hairs daily
- hair grows abot 1 mm per 3 days
- hair color is due to the pigment melanin

hair is metabolically active
layers of dead keratinocytes

61
Q

what is determinant/indeterminant hair

A

determinant - hair that grows to a certain length and then stop
indeterminant - hair that grows infinitely

62
Q

what kind of melanin causes hair color

A

pheomelanin causes red hair color
varying amounts of eumelanin causes all the rest of the hair colors

63
Q

what causes different hair textures

A

the shape of a cross section of hair
straight hair is circular
wavy hair is slightly oblong (oval)
curly hair is super oblong

64
Q

what are hair follicles

A

epidermal invagination deep into the dermis

65
Q

explain the hair growth cycle

A
  1. mature anogen
    -growing phase - 6-8 years
    stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into the dermis
    hair matrix cells multiply and keratinize, causing hair to grow upward
    epidermis envaginates into dermis (follicle development)
  2. catagen
    -degenerative phase - 2-3 weeks
    hair growth ceases
    hair bulb keratinizes and forms club hair (detaches from papilla and dies)
  3. telogen
    -resting phase - 1-3 months
    dermal papilla has ascended to level or bulge
    club hair falls out, usually in telogen or next anagen
    deep follicle ascends falling out hairs (club hairs)
    are usually in telogen
    it doesnt have to fall out it can stay in there
  4. early anogen
    old club hair may persist temporarily alongside newly growing hair
    and it will be pushed out by new hair

active throughout life

66
Q

describe the area where a hair follicle forms

A

the epidermis invaginates and becomes only one cell layer thick (stratum basale) on the basement membrane with stem cells (which produce the hair) and melanocytes (which give the pigment)
the hair matrix begins at a dermal papilla which has lots of blood vessels to support it
there is massive differentiation of stem cells into keratinocytes and massive mitosis

67
Q

what is alopecia

A

the general term for hair loss from all or some of the body
4 different types:
1. autoimmune - alopecia areata
dont know what causes it
2. mechanical damage - traction alopecia
long term damage, ex. pulling on long hair into buns for extended periods, burns, etc.
3. stress or childbirth - telogen alopecia
4. hormone imbalance - androgenic alopecia
caused by imbalance in androgens (testosterone)
common in males (male pattern baldness)
can be treated

68
Q

what is used to treat male pattern baldness

A

rogaine – minoxidil

opens up potassium channels which strengthens hair follicles that are already there
can be applied to the scalp bc it can pass through the lipid water boundary
when men have low testosterone levels, that leads to vasoconstriction, ceasing growth of hair bc it is not supported by blood vessels
–> male pattern baldness

process:
smooth muscle cells around blood vessels contract to restrict blood flow
to do this, they need to let calcium channels open so calcium can get in
to do that, they need to open Na and K channels to allow Na in and K out (this is the trigger for letting Ca in)

Minoxidil opens K channels and prevents blood vessels from contracting

69
Q

what is an ingrown hair

A

when a hair shaft that should normally exit the skin does something like:

grow back on itself and back into the skin surface (mostly this)
has been blocked from growing out and started to grow to the side before breaching the skin
get trapped on its way out of the skin

causes inflammation and infection

70
Q

what is keratosis pilaris (follicular keratosis)

A

lots of ingrown hairs on the skin
chicken skin
normal skin growth and typically goes away at around year 30
can use abrasives to break hair up

71
Q

what are nails

A

clear and hard stratum corneum

they grow about 3.5 mm per month
found on fingers and toes
lunule is due to rapid growth

72
Q

what are the white spots on the proximal portion of nails and what is it caused by

A

lunule
massive quick growth
multiplying and pushing away keratinocytes creates pressure near blood vessels
^so much pressure that it pushes on the epithelium and pushes away blood permanently

73
Q

what are the white spots on nails

A

leukonychia
not from a Ca deficiency, they are just abrasions

74
Q

what are ingrown nails

A

nails that grow back into the epidermis
can lead to infection, inflammation
caused by damage, weird cutting of toenails, etc.

75
Q

what is a gland

A

an organ that releases substance(s) for:
1. use somewhere else in the body
2. elimination from the body

76
Q

what are the two major types of glands

A
  1. endocrine
    NO contact with free surface (facing outside of the body or inside a cavity)
    no ducts
    highly vascularized (secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
  2. exocrine
    have contact with free surfaces
    duct present - contact with outside world or cavity of an organ
77
Q

what are the four types of cutaneous glands

A
  1. sudoriferous glands
    - eccrine glands
    - apocrine glands
  2. sebaceous glands
  3. ceruminous glands
  4. mammary glands
78
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

commonly called sweat glands
1. eccrine glands
evaporative cooling
waste excretion of urea, Na, waste nitrogenous products
widely distributed (3-4 mil)
duct to the skin surface
all of them basically make up one kidneys worth

  1. apocrine glands
    scent glands
    pubic, anal, axillary, areola, beard areas
    release sex pheromones
    duct to a hair follicle
79
Q

sebaceous glands

A

oil glands, associated with hair follicles
secrete sebum - oily secretion with cell particles
^ prevents dry, brittle, and cracked hair and skin
duct opens into hair follicle which goes to skin

shampoos have synthetic sebum to keep hair moist

80
Q

what is acne

A

when sebum gets stuck under pores

sebum is good food for bacteria
^pus, inflammation, etc.

due to hormone production
androgens
^ dehydroepiandrosterone (testosterone)
causes the overproduction of sebum = clogged follicles

bacne = due to steroids (injecting testosterone)
typically in males
lots of sebum on back

81
Q

ceruminous glands

A

glands of the ear canals
stratified squamous cells
cerumen = sebum and dead epidermal cells (earwax)
results in pliable eardrum (needs to vibrate to hear), waterproofs, kills, and traps stuff

82
Q

what is earwax made up of

A

cerumen
sebum and dead epidermal cells

83
Q

mammary glands

A

milk producing glands located in breasts
lactation during pregnancy
duct like structures (tubes)

in lactating mammary glands, the tubes are swollen and distended with milk product

Anatomy (11 decks)

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