lab 1 - basics of anatomy Flashcards
describe basic anatomic position
the standard reference position of the human body
body is upright, facing forward, arms and legs straight, palms facing forward, feet flat on the ground, eyes open
all anatomical descriptions are in reference to the anatomic position
right and left are backwards (talking from the patients perspective)
describe the use of directional terms
used to describe the location of one part of the body relative to another, usually with respect to anatomical position
anterior
towards the front
ex. the heart is anterior to the spinal cord
posterior
towards the back
ex. the kidneys are posterior to the small intestine
superior
above
ex. the lungs are superior to the diaphragm
inferior
below
ex. the small intestine is inferior to the transverse colon
proximal
closer to the point of origin (appendicular)
ex. the axillary region is proximal to the carpal region
distal
further from the point of origin (appendicular)
ex. the palmar region is distal to the anticubital region
medial
towards the midline
ex. the heart is medial to the right and left lungs
lateral
away from the midline
ex. the kidneys are lateral to the spinal cord
superficial
towards the surface
ex. the epidermis is superfical to the hair follicles
deep
away from the surface
ex. the heart is deep to the peritoneum
ipsilateral
same side of the body
ex. the right kidney is ipsilateral to the right lung
contralateral
opposite side of the body
ex. the right lung is contralateral to the left lung
cranial region
top of head
frontal region
forehead
orbital region
eye sockets
nasal region
nose
buccal region
cheeks
otic region
ears
oral region
mouth
occipital region
back of head above hairline
nuchal region
top of neck along hairline
mental region
chin
cervical region
front and back side of neck
acromial region
shoulder
scapular region
scapula back area
sternal region
sternum, midline of chest
thoracic region
upper chest
axillary region
armpit
mammary region
boob
brachial region
upper arm, above elbow
antecubital region
front of elbow
vertebral region
spine
abdominal region
abdomen area, above belly button below chesticles
umbilical region
belly button
antebrachial region
forearm, below elbow
carpal region
wrist
manual region
back of palm
palmar region
palm, front of hand
digital region
fingers
pelvic region
pelvis area, right below belly button, above start of thigh
lumbar region
lower back, above crack
gluteal region
butt cheeks
inguinal region
below pelvic region, right next to genitals at the start of thigh
pubic region
genitals
femoral region
thigh
patellar region
knee
popliteal
back of knee
crural region
below knee, shin
sural region
right below popliteal region, back of lower leg (shin)
tarsal region
ankle
pedal region
top of foot
calcaneal region
heel
plantar
bottom of foot
cephalic region
entire head
purpose of body cavities
enclose certain regions of the body and house specific organs (or organ systems)
what are body cavities lined with, what is the purpose
specific membranes
acts to protect and lubricate the organs (or organ systems) within a cavity
cranial cavity
contains the brain
lined by meninges (various membranes
is part of the posterior cavity (along with vertebral cavity
vertebral cavity (canal)
contains spinal cord
lined by meninges
also part of the posterior cavity (along with cranial cavity)
thoracic cavity
superior to diaphragm
contains the pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
posterior cavity
contains the cranial and vertebral cavities
pleural cavities
contains the lungs
lined by pleural membrane
within the thoracic cavity
mediastinum
contains the heart, large heart vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
within the thoracic cavities
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
lined by pericardium
within the thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
inferior to the diaphragm
contains the peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
contains organs of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, lined by a peritoneal membrane (abdominal and lymphatic organs)
within the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
contains the digestive organs
within the abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal viscera
pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
within the abdominopelvic cavity
point to the four surface quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
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point to the nine abdominal regions
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what organs are contained within the right upper quadrant
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon,
right adrenal gland, right kidney
what organs are contained within the right lower quadrant
small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder,
part of right kidney, right ureter, right over and uterine tube (f), right spermatic cord (m)
what organs are contained within the left upper quadrant
liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon,
left adrenal gland, left kidney
what organs are contained within the left lower quadrant
small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder,
part of left kidney, left ureter, left ovary and uterine tube (f), left spermatic cord (m), sigmoid colon
what are the nine abdominal regions in order
right hypochondriac region epigastric region left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region umbilical region left lumbar region
right iliac (inguinal) region hypogastric (pubic) region left iliac (inguinal) region
what are planes of section
used to describe how the human body has been divided
generally associated with dissection and images of the body or ogans
what are the three main types of sections we use
sagittal (mid or para)
frontal
transverse
describe a midsagittal section
dividing the body into equal left and right halves
describe a parasagittal section
dividing the body into unequal right and left halves
describe a frontal section
dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections
describe a transverse section
dividing the body into superior and inferior sections
what are the major organs/functions of the integumentary system
skin (epidermis, dermis, hair, nails)
protection, absorption
what are the major organs/functions of the skeletal system
bones, cartilage, tendons
movement
what are the major organs/functions of the muscular system
muscles, fascia
movement
what are the major organs/functions of the nervous system
brain, nerves, spinal cord
memory, cognition, senses, basic bodily functions, etc.
what are the major organs/functions of the endocrine system
glands, hypothalamus, kidneys, pancreas, reproductive organs
communication, secretion, absorption, waste excretion, growth, etc.
what are the major organs/functions of the cardiovascular system
heart, arteries, veins
pumping blood, oxygenating whole body
what are the major organs/functions of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes, lymph vessels and trunks
transporting fluids, absorbing fats, immune responses
what are the major organs/functions of the digestive system
intestine (sm and lg). liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, esophagus, mouth, rectum, anus
digestion, nutrient absorption, waste excretion, etc.
what are the major organs/functions of the urinary system
bladder, ureters, urethra, kidney, etc.
waste excretion, nutrient absorption
what are the major organs/functions of the male and female reproductive systems
vagina, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, etc.
penis, testes, spermatic cord, prostate gland, etc.
both function for reproduction, hormone production, etc.
