labs 4-6 - skeletal system functions, etc. Flashcards
osteon
densely packed repeating structures that make up compact bone tissue
lacuna (ae)
small cavities that contain osteocytes which monitor and maintain the bone ECM
connected by canaliculi
what is the ECM of osseous tissue made of
organic component - ground sustance and collagen
inorganic component - Ca hydroxyapatite crystals
canaliculi
tiny canals which connect osteocytes together allowing for communication
concentric lamella (ae)
osteocyte layers surrounding central canal
periosteum
most superficial layer of bone, made of dense irregular connective tissue with lots of blood vessels and nerves
extending collagen fibers (perforating fibers) anchor it to bone
has osteoblasts and osteoclasts
endosteum
lines central canals and has osteoblasts and osteoclasts
central canal
location of blood vessels and nervs supporting osteocytes of osteon
interstitial lamella (ae)
old osteocyte layers (presence due to bone remodeling) located in between osteons
circumferential lamella (ae)
osteocyte layers surrounding superficial layers of bone, giving additional strength
compact bone
hard, dense, immediately deep to periosteum made up of repeating osteons
spongy bone
deep to compact bone, resembles a sponge, latticework type structure
trabecula (ae)
tiny bone spicules, lined with endosteum
bone marrow
red bone marrow produces blood cells
yelllow bone marrow is made up of adipose tissue
perforating (volkmann canal)
canals that allow for passage of blood
lined by endosteum
run perpendicular to lamella
nutrient foramina
openings in the superficial portion of bone, allowing for blood vessels and nerves to enter perforating canals
facet
shallow indented surface where two bones meet to form a joint
fossa
deep indented surface, usually allows a rounded surface of another bone to fit inside
fovea
shallow pit, often a site for ligament attachment
groove
long, shallow depression, usually a location for blood vessel or nerve
sulcus
another name for groove
notch
deep cut (or notch) in a bone
canal
passageway through bone
meatus
another name for canal
fissure
slit within bone or between bones
foramen
hole in bone through which a structure such as a nerve or blood vessel passes
sinus
a cavity; usually something is found inside the cavity or it is empty
condyle
round end of a bone that fits into a fossa or facet of another bone
epidcondyle
small projection proximal to a condyle; usually the site of muscle attachment
crest
ridge along a bone, usually a site for muscle attachment
head
rounded end of bone that fits into the fossa to form a joint
line
ridge along a bone where muscles attach
process
any bone projection; usually site of muscle attachment
protuberance
an outgrowth on a bone due to repetitive pull from a muscle
trochanter
large bony projection to which a muscle attaches, only example is in the femur
tubercle
small rounded projecttion where muscles attach
tuberosity
a large, more prominnent tubercle
ramus (rami)
branch of a bone
head of humerus articulates with ___
glenoid cavity of scapula
what happens at the capitulum
the capitullum of the humerus is where the radius articulates with the humerus
its a condyle
what happens at the trochlea
the trochlea of the humerus is where the ulna articulates with the ulna
its a condyle
the head of the radius articulates with ____
the radial notch of the ulna
and capitulum of humerous
the ulna is _____
the radius is ______
ulna is medial
radius is lateral
the ulnar notch of the radius articulates with ______
the head of the ulna
the radial notch of the ulna articulates with ____-
the head of the radius
the head of the ulna articulates with _____
the ulnar notch of the radius
the head of the femur inserts into ____
the acetabulum of pelvis
the medial and lateral condyles of femur articulates with _____-
with the condyles of the tibia
the articular facets of the patella articulate with _____
the patellar surface of the femur
in the patella, the larger articular facet is _____
lateral
the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with ____
condyles of the femur
what are the characteristics of a male pelvis (6)
narrower pelvic inlet
narrow angle of the pubic arch
inverted ischial tuberosities
acetabulae are closer together and larger
coccyx is curved anteriorly
the greater sciatic notch forms an angle less than 90°
what are the characteristics of a female pelvis (6)
wider pelvic inlet
wide angle of the pubic arch
ischial tuberosities are everted
acetabulae are farther apart and smaller
coccyx is straighter
greater sciatic notch forms an angle greater than 90°
how to tell between left or right scapulas
scapular spine posterior, glenoid cavity lateral
how to tell between left or right clavicles
sternal end to sternum, acromial end to acromion
conoid tubercle inferior and posterior
how to tell between left or right humeri
radial and coronoid fossa anterior, greater tubercle lateral
how to tell between left or right radii
radial tuberosity anterior, ulnar notch medial, styloid process lateral
how to tell between left or right ulnas
trochlear notch anterior, radial notch lateral, styloid process medial
how to tell between left or right femurs
head medial, greater trochanter lateral, linea aspera posterior
how to tell between left or right patellas
articular facet posterior, apex of patella inferior
larger articular facet lateral
how to tell between left or right tibias
medial malleolus medial, tibial tuberosity anterior
how to tell between left or right fibula
lateral malleolus lateral, apex posterior/lateral
how to tell between left or right pelvises
ischial tuberosity posterior, greater sciatic notch posterior, acetabulum lateral
how many vertebrae are there
33
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, most often in the thoracic region
sometimes resulting from a developmental abnormality in the body and the arch fails to develop on one side of the vertebra
can be corrected with a back brace
kyphosis
an exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually resulting from osteoporosis but can also occur in people with osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis in adolescents who engage in spine heavy sports
lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curvature
same causes as kyphosis or may be caused by added abdominal weight from pregnancy or obesity
superior and inferior articular facet purpose
articulates with superior and inferior vertebra
transverse foramen purpose
allow passage of blood vessels
purpose of atlas
allows nodding of head
by articulating with occipital condyles
purpose of axis
atlas sits on the odontoid process and allows for rotating of head
purpose of costal facets on thoracic vertebrae
serve as attachment points for all 12 pairs of ribs
which kinds of costal facets are present on which thoracic vertebrae?
inferior costal facet (T1-T9)
superior costal facet (T2-T10)
transverse costal facet (T1-T10)
complete costal facet (T1, T10-T12)
which kinds of articular facets are present on which ribs?
inferior articular facet (ribs 2-9)
superior articular facet (ribs 2-9)
tubercle articular facet (ribs 1-10)
complete articular facet (ribs 1, 10-12)
what are true ribs
ribs that attach to the sternum with their own cartilage
what are false ribs
ribs that attach to the sternum with cartilage of rib 7
what are floating ribs
ribs that do not attach to the sternum
which ribs are true, false, and floating
true - ribs 1-7
false - ribs 8-10
floating - ribs 11-12
location/function of hyoid bone
sits just superior to the larynx, held in place by muscles, cartilage, and ligaments
aids in tongue movement and swallowing
serves as an attachment point for larynx and trachea
purpose of foramen magnum
passageway for spinal cord to reach brain
purpose of jugular foramen
passageway for internal jugular vein, bringing blood from brain to heart
purpose of carotid canal
passageway for internal carotid artery, bringing blood from heart to head
purpose of optic canal
passageway for optic nerve (vision)
purpose of external auditory meatus
opening for sound transmission to reach inner ear
purpose of internal auditory meatus
opening for vestibulocochlear (hearing) nerve to reach brain
what are the various features that are part of the ethmoid bone
superior nasal concha, middle nasal concha, perpendicular plate, cribiform plate, crista gali, olfactory foramina
purpose of superior and middle nasal concha
forms lateral wall of nasal cavity, allowing olfactory neurons in (smell)
purpose of cribiform plate
holds olfactory bulb
purpose of crista gali
separates the left and right olfactory nerves for smell
purpose of olfactory foramina
olfactory neurons pass through foramen into nasal cavity
purpose of inferior nasal concha (ae) bone
forms lateral wall of nasal cavity, sits inferior to middle nasal concha
what are the various features of the sphenoid bone
hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, sella turcica
purpose of sella turcica
part of the sphenoid bone, holds pituitary gland
purpose of hypophyseal fossa
pituitary gland sits within the fossa
purpose of dorsum sellae
back of the “seat” for pituitary gland
purpose of petrous part of the temporal bone
inner ear sits deep to this bone, has the internal auditory meatus
purpose of alveolus (alveoli)
tooth sockets which house teeth
purpose of alveolar processes
the ridges which surrounds alveoli.
