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PHARM110 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

make up all the various organs and structures

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2
Q

nervous tissue

A

internal communication

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3
Q

muscle tissue

A

contracts to cause movement

a. muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
b. muscles of heart (cardiac)
c. muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

a. skin
b. lining of the GI tract organs

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5
Q

connective tissue

A

supports, protects, binds

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A

polarity - apical and basal surface
special contacts - tight junctions and desmosomes
supported by connective tissue
avascular but innervated (no blood coursing through)
regenerative - will repair itself

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7
Q

polarity: apical and basal surface

A

apical surface - microvilli (brush border) and cilia (lungs)

  • Basement membrane – anchoring the epithelial layer and acts as a selective filter
  • Basal lamina – glycoproteins and collagen secreted by epithelial
  • Reticular lamina – fine network of collagen and fibronectin fibers secreted by underlying ECM (extracellular matrix)
  • All epithelial cells show signs of polarity
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8
Q

Special contacts (tight junctions and desmosomes)

A

Anchoring junctions – strong contacts
Strength and binding along cells
Tight junctions – prevent fluids from moving between cells
Prevent bacteria from squeezing between cells

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9
Q

simple vs stratified

A

simple: associated with 1 cell thick layer of epithelial tissue
stratified: more than 1 layer of cells going upwards toward the apical side

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10
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Endothelium (inner coverings)

  • Lymphatic vessels and cardiovascular system
  • Capillaries consist exclusively of endothelium tissue
  • Exchange of nutrients

Mesothelium (middle coverings)

  • Pleura (thoracic)
  • Peritoneum (abdominal)
  • Pericardium (heart)
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11
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Absorption and secretion of enzymes and mucus

Tall cells with round to oval nuclei

Can have cilia on them
Nonciliated type – digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts
Ciliated – small bronchi, uterine tubes, and regions of the uterus

Columnar cells are mostly associated with absorption and secretion

Digestive tract has 2 distinct modifications that make it ideal for dual function

  • Dense microvilli – apical surface of absorptive cells
  • Goblet cells – secret protective lubricating mucus
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12
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

1 cell thick but have the appearance of being multilayered

Looks stratified but is simple
The nuclei are all varied

Function: secretion of mucus, and propulsion of mucus
Nonciliated: found in male sperm carrying ducts
Ciliated: lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract
**Ciliated layers are simple in nature, associated with epithelial
A lot of goblet cells associated with it

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Basement membrane have nuclei that are rounded and cuboidal in nature

Nonkeratinized – esophagus, mouth, vagina
Moist linings and goblet cells associated with it

Keratinized – epidermis of the skin, dry membrane

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14
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

2 cells thick and quite rare (WILL NEVER BE MORE THAN 2)
Ducts of sweat glands, male urethra and mammary
Multiple layers of nuclei on top of each other

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15
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Salivary gland
Exocrine glands have areas of stratified columnar epithelium
Transition areas between 2 other type of epithelial cells
Only its apical layer of cells is columnar

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16
Q

Transitional

A

Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
Bladder empty – stratified cuboidal ** remember it is only 2 cells thick
Bladder full – stratified squamous layer
Lining of the ureters and urethra

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17
Q

Epithelial membrane: Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin
Exposed to the air and is dry membrane
Stratified squamous and underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

Epithelial membrane: Mucous membrane

A

Line body cavities that open to the exterior

Mucosae – own lubrication

Mucous membranes are adapted for absorption and secretion

Digestive and respiratory secrete copious amounts of lubricating mucous

Urinary tract – does not have any secretion but the mucous membrane is bathed in pee

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19
Q

Epithelial membrane: Serious membranes

A

Internal cavities

  • Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
  • Associated with simple squamous cells
  • Lubricating mixture produces serous fluid

Parietal peritoneum
- Membrane surrounding the cavity wall of the abdominal wall

Visceral peritoneum

  • Membrane surrounding the organs of the cavity
  • Continuous with each other (parietal and visceral)

Parietal pericardium

  • Surrounding the cavity that the organ is in
  • Pericardium – lines the cavity that the heart is in

Visceral pericardium

  • Surrounding the organ itself
  • Pericardium – surrounds the heart itself

Parietal pleura
- Lines the cavity that the lungs are found in

Visceral pleura
- Lines the lungs

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20
Q

Gandular

A

A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes a product
2 ways to classify glands:
- Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine
- Number of cells forming the gland
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Most multicellular epithelial glands form by invagination from the epithelium

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21
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless – secretes directly into the blood stream or into extracellular space
Secretes amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids
Multicellular
Some unicellular glands – in digestive tract and in brain
L-cell: secretion of glucagon (hormones)
- Secreted into the blood stream
Islet – have hormone secreting hormones
- Alpha and beta
- Insulin and glucose

22
Q

Exocrine Glands

A 
Skin surface 
Body cavities 
- Mucous, sweat, oil and salivary glands
- Liver – secretes bile
- Pancreas – digestive enzymes
23
Q

Unicellular: Exocrine Glands

A
  • Goblet Cell
  • Found in simple columnar cell, simple cuboidal
  • A lot of secretory vesicles
  • All human goblet cells produce mucin
  • Protective coating
24
Q

Multicellular: Exocrine Glands

A

2 basic features:
- Epithelium derived duct
- Secretory unit (acinus) consisting of secretory cells
Supportive connective tissue surrounding secretory unit, blood vessels, nerve fibers
- Forms a fibrous capsule

25
Q

Duct Structure: Simple

A
  • Unbranched duct, but only 1 duct associated
  • Can have multiple secretory vesicles associated but not always (Just always 1 duct)
  • Ex. Simple tubular - Intestinal glands
  • Simple branched – stomach glands
26
Q

Duct Structure: Compound

A 
Branched duct
Always has multiple secretory vesicles involves 
- Compound tubular – duodenal glands
- Compound alveolar – mammary 
- Compound tubuloalveolar – salivary
27
Q

Secretory Structure (shape of the secretory vesicles)

A

Structure of their secretory units

  • Tubular – tubes (long)
  • Alveolar – flask like (look like round balls)
  • Tubuloalveolar (combination)
28
Q

Modes of secretion: Merocrine

A

Exocytosis

Pancreas, sweat, salivary glands

29
Q

Modes of secretion: Holocrine

A

Rupture of gland cells

Sebaceous (oil) glands

30
Q

Connective Tissue (functions and characteristics)

A

Found throughout the body, but most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues
Found in almost every organ
Amount in each tissue varies
Skin is primarily connective tissue, but the brain has very little

Functions: 
Binding and support
Protection
Insulation (Fat)
Transportation (blood)

Characteristics
Common origin – all come from mesenchyme
Degrees of vascularity
Cartilage is avascular (no blood supply), dense connective tissue is poorly vascularity and other rich in vascularity

31
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • structural elements of connective tissue
    Unstructured material that fills space between cells and fibers

Molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

Composed of:

  • Interstitial (tissue) fluid
  • Cell adhesion proteins
  • Fibronectin
  • Laminin
Proteoglycans 
- Made up of GAGs – glycosaminoglycans 
- Control ECM volume – net negative charge attracts water directly and indirectly by attracting cations (sodium)
- Hyaluronic acid – core structure for aggregation of proteoglycans (repeating disaccharides) 
- Can be categorized by nature of GAG 
Chondroitin sulfate 
o	Dermatan sulfate 
o	Heparin sulfate
o	Keratan sulfate
32
Q

Fibers

A
  • structural elements of connective tissue that provides support

Collagen
- Fibers cross-link to provide strength and resist longitudinal stress

Elastic

  • Elastic tissue such as skin, lungs, blood vessels
  • Rubberlike protein called elastin

Reticular
- Short fine, branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks that surrounds small blood vessels and support soft tissue of organs

33
Q

blast versus cyte

A

Connective tissue has both undifferentiated cells with suffix blast, and mature cells with suffix cyte

34
Q

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

A

Fibroblasts – connective tissue proper

  • Once connective tissue proper is formed: fibrocyte
  • Extracellular matrix

Chondroblasts – cartilage
- Once cartilage is formed: chondrocytes

Osteoblasts – bone
- Once bone is formed, become osteocytes
- Hematopoietic stem cells – blood cells
Also: fat cells, white blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells

35
Q

Areolar: Loose Connective Tissue Proper

A

Most widely distributed
Universal packing material
High content of hyaluronic acid makes the substance viscous
Reservoir of water and salts
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
Inflammation, and holds connective tissue fluid
Fibers are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork

36
Q

Adipose: Loose connective tissue proper

A

90% of tissue’s mass
18% of an average person’s body weight
Triglyceride oil droplets occupy most of fat cell’s volume and displaces the nucleus to one side
Matrix – scanty and cells are packed closely together
Brown fat adipose cells contain mitochondria which use lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm
Babies have a lot of brown fat, but adults do not
When burnt – generates heat

37
Q

Reticular: Loose connective tissue proper

A

Only fibers in the matrix of reticular connective tissue are reticular fibers
Forms a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells lie scattered
Support free blood cells (lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen and bone marrow
In lymphoid organs

38
Q

Dense regular: Dense connective tissues

A

Poorly vascularized and closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in parallel to the direction of pull
Provides great resistance to tension (pulling forces)
Ligaments contain more elastic fiber than tendons and are slighyly more stretchy
Fascia – a fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, blood vessels, and nerves (like plastic wrap)
Elastic connective tissue
Attaches muscles to bones, or to muscles
Tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses

39
Q

Dense irregular: Dense connective tissue

A

Bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and arranged irregularly
Found where tension is exerted in many directions
Found in the skin as leathery dermis
Forms fibrous joint capsules, and the fibrous coverings that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, nerves)

40
Q

Cartilage

A

Lacks nerve fibers and avascular
Receives nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels in perichondrium
Large amounts of GAG, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, firmly bound to collagen/elastic fibers
Matrix contains a large amount of water (80%)
Movement of tissue fluid in its matrix enables
- Cartilage to rebound after being compressed
- Helps to nourish the cartilage cells

41
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Costal cartilage (connect ribs to sternum)
Articular cartilage of a joint
Cartilage of the nose
Trachea, larynx
Provides support for nose, ribs to sternum, and respiratory system
Embryonic skeleton is formed of hyaline cartilage
Skeletal hyaline cartilage persists during childhood as epiphyseal plates (line in long bones that allow them to grow)
Covers the ends of long bones as articular cartilage
Provides springy pads that absorb compression at joint

42
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

In the external ear
Epiglottis – flap covering the opening to the respiratory passageway
Almost identical to hyaline cartilage except it has more elastin fibers
Found where strength and exceptional stretch ability is needed

43
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Pubic symphysis
Meniscus (cartilage in the knee joint)
Cartilage in the intervertebral disc
Intermediate between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue
Rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers
Compressible and resists tension and is found where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and spongy cartilages of the knee (menisci)

44
Q

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

A

Ability to support, protect, and provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells

Bone matrix has collagen fibers and inorganic calcium (bone salts)

Osteoblasts produce the organic portion of the matrix; then bone salts are deposited on and between fibers

Made of collagen
Spongy bone and compact bone

Compact bone has osteons (circle like structures)
Fair amount of blood supply
Spongy bone – does not have osteons associated with it

45
Q

Blood tissue

A

Classified as connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme
RBC and WBC cells
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Fibers are soluble protein molecule that precipitate, forming large visible fiberlike structures during blood clotting

46
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
- Regulate and control body functions
1. Neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses and typically they are branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes
Have a cell body with the nucleus
Then the axon
Then the projections

  1. Supporting cells: nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect
47
Q

Skeleton: muscle tissue

A

Looks quite like dense regular connective tissue
Has lines going through
Multinucleated – more than 1 nucleus
- Cell fusion – over 100 cells combined

48
Q

Cardiac: Muscle tissue

A

A lot of space associated with it
Has striations
Has intercalated discs that combine various cardiac cells
Uninucleate (one nucleus)
Has a lot of fat tissue that provides energy

49
Q

Smooth muscle: muscle tissue

A

Spindle like structure (elongated tube-like structure)

No striations

50
Q

Tissue Trauma

A

Mechanical barriers such as the skin and mucosae
Cilia of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract

Strong acid (chemical barrier) produced by stomach glands

Barrier penetration stimulates the body’s inflammatory and immune responses

  • Inflammatory response is a relatively nonspecific reaction that develops quickly
  • Immune response is extremely specific but takes longer to swing into action
  • Better at removing viruses and bacteria
51
Q

Step 1 tissue repair: Inflammation

A

Step 1 happens after the wound has been created on the epidermis

Inflammation sets the stage

Clotting occurs: surface dries and forms a scab

Severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released

Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area

Inflammatory chemicals recruit immune cells
Fight off bacteria and help with wound repair
Remove the broken tissue

52
Q

Step 2 tissue repair: restoration of blood supply

A

Organization restores blood supply:
The clot is replaced by granulation tissue which restores vascular supply

Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap

Macrophages phagocytize cell debris

Surface epithelial cells multiple and migrate over the granulation tissue

Granulation tissue is far denser but acts like connective tissue

PHARM110 (7 decks)

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