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Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

make up all the various organs and structures

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2
Q

nervous tissue

A

internal communication

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3
Q

muscle tissue

A

contracts to cause movement

a. muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
b. muscles of heart (cardiac)
c. muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

a. skin
b. lining of the GI tract organs

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5
Q

connective tissue

A

supports, protects, binds

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A

polarity - apical and basal surface
special contacts - tight junctions and desmosomes
supported by connective tissue
avascular but innervated (no blood coursing through)
regenerative - will repair itself

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7
Q

polarity: apical and basal surface

A

apical surface - microvilli (brush border) and cilia (lungs)

  • Basement membrane – anchoring the epithelial layer and acts as a selective filter
  • Basal lamina – glycoproteins and collagen secreted by epithelial
  • Reticular lamina – fine network of collagen and fibronectin fibers secreted by underlying ECM (extracellular matrix)
  • All epithelial cells show signs of polarity
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8
Q

Special contacts (tight junctions and desmosomes)

A

Anchoring junctions – strong contacts
Strength and binding along cells
Tight junctions – prevent fluids from moving between cells
Prevent bacteria from squeezing between cells

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9
Q

simple vs stratified

A

simple: associated with 1 cell thick layer of epithelial tissue
stratified: more than 1 layer of cells going upwards toward the apical side

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10
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Endothelium (inner coverings)

  • Lymphatic vessels and cardiovascular system
  • Capillaries consist exclusively of endothelium tissue
  • Exchange of nutrients

Mesothelium (middle coverings)

  • Pleura (thoracic)
  • Peritoneum (abdominal)
  • Pericardium (heart)
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11
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Absorption and secretion of enzymes and mucus

Tall cells with round to oval nuclei

Can have cilia on them
Nonciliated type – digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts
Ciliated – small bronchi, uterine tubes, and regions of the uterus

Columnar cells are mostly associated with absorption and secretion

Digestive tract has 2 distinct modifications that make it ideal for dual function

  • Dense microvilli – apical surface of absorptive cells
  • Goblet cells – secret protective lubricating mucus
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12
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

1 cell thick but have the appearance of being multilayered

Looks stratified but is simple
The nuclei are all varied

Function: secretion of mucus, and propulsion of mucus
Nonciliated: found in male sperm carrying ducts
Ciliated: lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract
**Ciliated layers are simple in nature, associated with epithelial
A lot of goblet cells associated with it

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Basement membrane have nuclei that are rounded and cuboidal in nature

Nonkeratinized – esophagus, mouth, vagina
Moist linings and goblet cells associated with it

Keratinized – epidermis of the skin, dry membrane

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14
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

2 cells thick and quite rare (WILL NEVER BE MORE THAN 2)
Ducts of sweat glands, male urethra and mammary
Multiple layers of nuclei on top of each other

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15
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Salivary gland
Exocrine glands have areas of stratified columnar epithelium
Transition areas between 2 other type of epithelial cells
Only its apical layer of cells is columnar

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16
Q

Transitional

A

Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
Bladder empty – stratified cuboidal ** remember it is only 2 cells thick
Bladder full – stratified squamous layer
Lining of the ureters and urethra

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17
Q

Epithelial membrane: Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin
Exposed to the air and is dry membrane
Stratified squamous and underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

Epithelial membrane: Mucous membrane

A

Line body cavities that open to the exterior

Mucosae – own lubrication

Mucous membranes are adapted for absorption and secretion

Digestive and respiratory secrete copious amounts of lubricating mucous

Urinary tract – does not have any secretion but the mucous membrane is bathed in pee

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19
Q

Epithelial membrane: Serious membranes

A

Internal cavities

  • Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
  • Associated with simple squamous cells
  • Lubricating mixture produces serous fluid

Parietal peritoneum
- Membrane surrounding the cavity wall of the abdominal wall

Visceral peritoneum

  • Membrane surrounding the organs of the cavity
  • Continuous with each other (parietal and visceral)

Parietal pericardium

  • Surrounding the cavity that the organ is in
  • Pericardium – lines the cavity that the heart is in

Visceral pericardium

  • Surrounding the organ itself
  • Pericardium – surrounds the heart itself

Parietal pleura
- Lines the cavity that the lungs are found in

Visceral pleura
- Lines the lungs

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20
Q

Gandular

A

A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes a product
2 ways to classify glands:
- Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine
- Number of cells forming the gland
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Most multicellular epithelial glands form by invagination from the epithelium

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21
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless – secretes directly into the blood stream or into extracellular space
Secretes amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids
Multicellular
Some unicellular glands – in digestive tract and in brain
L-cell: secretion of glucagon (hormones)
- Secreted into the blood stream
Islet – have hormone secreting hormones
- Alpha and beta
- Insulin and glucose

22
Q

Exocrine Glands

A 
Skin surface 
Body cavities 
- Mucous, sweat, oil and salivary glands
- Liver – secretes bile
- Pancreas – digestive enzymes
23
Q

Unicellular: Exocrine Glands

A
  • Goblet Cell
  • Found in simple columnar cell, simple cuboidal
  • A lot of secretory vesicles
  • All human goblet cells produce mucin
  • Protective coating
24
Q

Multicellular: Exocrine Glands

A

2 basic features:
- Epithelium derived duct
- Secretory unit (acinus) consisting of secretory cells
Supportive connective tissue surrounding secretory unit, blood vessels, nerve fibers
- Forms a fibrous capsule

25
Duct Structure: Simple
- Unbranched duct, but only 1 duct associated - Can have multiple secretory vesicles associated but not always (Just always 1 duct) - Ex. Simple tubular - Intestinal glands - Simple branched – stomach glands
26
Duct Structure: Compound
``` Branched duct Always has multiple secretory vesicles involves - Compound tubular – duodenal glands - Compound alveolar – mammary - Compound tubuloalveolar – salivary ```
27
Secretory Structure (shape of the secretory vesicles)
Structure of their secretory units - Tubular – tubes (long) - Alveolar – flask like (look like round balls) - Tubuloalveolar (combination)
28
Modes of secretion: Merocrine
Exocytosis | Pancreas, sweat, salivary glands
29
Modes of secretion: Holocrine
Rupture of gland cells | Sebaceous (oil) glands
30
Connective Tissue (functions and characteristics)
Found throughout the body, but most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues Found in almost every organ Amount in each tissue varies Skin is primarily connective tissue, but the brain has very little ``` Functions: Binding and support Protection Insulation (Fat) Transportation (blood) ``` Characteristics Common origin – all come from mesenchyme Degrees of vascularity Cartilage is avascular (no blood supply), dense connective tissue is poorly vascularity and other rich in vascularity
31
Ground Substance
- structural elements of connective tissue Unstructured material that fills space between cells and fibers Molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells Composed of: - Interstitial (tissue) fluid - Cell adhesion proteins - Fibronectin - Laminin ``` Proteoglycans - Made up of GAGs – glycosaminoglycans - Control ECM volume – net negative charge attracts water directly and indirectly by attracting cations (sodium) - Hyaluronic acid – core structure for aggregation of proteoglycans (repeating disaccharides) - Can be categorized by nature of GAG Chondroitin sulfate o Dermatan sulfate o Heparin sulfate o Keratan sulfate ```
32
Fibers
- structural elements of connective tissue that provides support Collagen - Fibers cross-link to provide strength and resist longitudinal stress Elastic - Elastic tissue such as skin, lungs, blood vessels - Rubberlike protein called elastin Reticular - Short fine, branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks that surrounds small blood vessels and support soft tissue of organs
33
blast versus cyte
Connective tissue has both undifferentiated cells with suffix blast, and mature cells with suffix cyte
34
Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts
Fibroblasts – connective tissue proper - Once connective tissue proper is formed: fibrocyte - Extracellular matrix Chondroblasts – cartilage - Once cartilage is formed: chondrocytes Osteoblasts – bone - Once bone is formed, become osteocytes - Hematopoietic stem cells – blood cells Also: fat cells, white blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells
35
Areolar: Loose Connective Tissue Proper
Most widely distributed Universal packing material High content of hyaluronic acid makes the substance viscous Reservoir of water and salts Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells Inflammation, and holds connective tissue fluid Fibers are loosely arranged in a net or meshwork
36
Adipose: Loose connective tissue proper
90% of tissue’s mass 18% of an average person’s body weight Triglyceride oil droplets occupy most of fat cell’s volume and displaces the nucleus to one side Matrix – scanty and cells are packed closely together Brown fat adipose cells contain mitochondria which use lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm Babies have a lot of brown fat, but adults do not When burnt – generates heat
37
Reticular: Loose connective tissue proper
Only fibers in the matrix of reticular connective tissue are reticular fibers Forms a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells lie scattered Support free blood cells (lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen and bone marrow In lymphoid organs
38
Dense regular: Dense connective tissues
Poorly vascularized and closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in parallel to the direction of pull Provides great resistance to tension (pulling forces) Ligaments contain more elastic fiber than tendons and are slighyly more stretchy Fascia – a fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, blood vessels, and nerves (like plastic wrap) Elastic connective tissue Attaches muscles to bones, or to muscles Tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses
39
Dense irregular: Dense connective tissue
Bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and arranged irregularly Found where tension is exerted in many directions Found in the skin as leathery dermis Forms fibrous joint capsules, and the fibrous coverings that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, nerves)
40
Cartilage
Lacks nerve fibers and avascular Receives nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels in perichondrium Large amounts of GAG, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, firmly bound to collagen/elastic fibers Matrix contains a large amount of water (80%) Movement of tissue fluid in its matrix enables - Cartilage to rebound after being compressed - Helps to nourish the cartilage cells
41
Hyaline Cartilage
Costal cartilage (connect ribs to sternum) Articular cartilage of a joint Cartilage of the nose Trachea, larynx Provides support for nose, ribs to sternum, and respiratory system Embryonic skeleton is formed of hyaline cartilage Skeletal hyaline cartilage persists during childhood as epiphyseal plates (line in long bones that allow them to grow) Covers the ends of long bones as articular cartilage Provides springy pads that absorb compression at joint
42
Elastic Cartilage
In the external ear Epiglottis – flap covering the opening to the respiratory passageway Almost identical to hyaline cartilage except it has more elastin fibers Found where strength and exceptional stretch ability is needed
43
Fibrocartilage
Pubic symphysis Meniscus (cartilage in the knee joint) Cartilage in the intervertebral disc Intermediate between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue Rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers Compressible and resists tension and is found where strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and spongy cartilages of the knee (menisci)
44
Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Ability to support, protect, and provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells Bone matrix has collagen fibers and inorganic calcium (bone salts) Osteoblasts produce the organic portion of the matrix; then bone salts are deposited on and between fibers Made of collagen Spongy bone and compact bone Compact bone has osteons (circle like structures) Fair amount of blood supply Spongy bone – does not have osteons associated with it
45
Blood tissue
Classified as connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme RBC and WBC cells Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils Fibers are soluble protein molecule that precipitate, forming large visible fiberlike structures during blood clotting
46
Nervous tissue
Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) - Regulate and control body functions 1. Neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses and typically they are branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions or processes Have a cell body with the nucleus Then the axon Then the projections 2. Supporting cells: nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect
47
Skeleton: muscle tissue
Looks quite like dense regular connective tissue Has lines going through Multinucleated – more than 1 nucleus - Cell fusion – over 100 cells combined
48
Cardiac: Muscle tissue
A lot of space associated with it Has striations Has intercalated discs that combine various cardiac cells Uninucleate (one nucleus) Has a lot of fat tissue that provides energy
49
Smooth muscle: muscle tissue
Spindle like structure (elongated tube-like structure) | No striations
50
Tissue Trauma
Mechanical barriers such as the skin and mucosae Cilia of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract Strong acid (chemical barrier) produced by stomach glands Barrier penetration stimulates the body’s inflammatory and immune responses - Inflammatory response is a relatively nonspecific reaction that develops quickly - Immune response is extremely specific but takes longer to swing into action - Better at removing viruses and bacteria
51
Step 1 tissue repair: Inflammation
Step 1 happens after the wound has been created on the epidermis Inflammation sets the stage Clotting occurs: surface dries and forms a scab Severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area Inflammatory chemicals recruit immune cells Fight off bacteria and help with wound repair Remove the broken tissue
52
Step 2 tissue repair: restoration of blood supply
Organization restores blood supply: The clot is replaced by granulation tissue which restores vascular supply Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap Macrophages phagocytize cell debris Surface epithelial cells multiple and migrate over the granulation tissue Granulation tissue is far denser but acts like connective tissue

PHARM110 (7 decks)

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