Orientation to Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
Structure of body parts & their relationships to one another
Gross Anatomy
Seen with naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
Seen with microscope
Cytology & Histology
Developmental Anatomy
Structural changes occurring over a lifetime
Physiology
Function of body’s structural machinery
Principle of Complementarity
Anatomy & physiology are inseparable
– Function reflects structure
– What it can do depends on its specific form
Examples of Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries (cellular & organismal level): keep distinct internal & external environments
2. Movement (locomotion, propulsion & contractility): activities promoted by muscular system
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense environmental changes & respond
4. Digestion: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs into simple absorbable
molecules
5. Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism & cellular respiration): All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body cells
6. Excretion: Removal of wastes from body
7. Reproduction:
➢Cellular: cell divides & produces two identical daughter cells
➢Organismal: sperm & egg unite to make a whole new person
8. Growth (cellular, organ & organismal level): Increase in size
Name things that keep us alive (survival needs)
Nutrients: chemical substances used for energy & cell building
- Oxygen: chemical reactions that release energy from food are oxidative reactions
- Water: environment for chemical reactions & fluid base for secretions/excretions
- Normal body temperature: Changes can alter reaction rates
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure: Respiration
Homeostasis definition
How we keep both our cells and fluid surrounding our cells in a dynamically stable environment
- ability to maintain a relatively table internal environment
- Involves all organ systems
Receptor
Control Centre
Effector
Receptor: sensor that monitors environments and responds to stimuli
Control centre: determines variable set point and response
Effector: provides means to respond to stimuli
Negative Feedback Cycle
Causes variable to change in opposite direction of initial change
• Begins: variable leaves its homeostatic range
• Ends: variable is back within its normal range (Self- terminating)
(output shuts off effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity)
**most of the cycles in the body
Positive Feedback Cycle
Response amplifies or magnifies its stimulus
• Begins: variable leaves homeostatic range
• Ends: outside factor shuts off cycle
Anatomical Position
Body standing erect • Face is forward • Spine has slight S curve • Feet slightly apart and flat on floor • Palms facing forward • Thumbs point away from body
Superior vs Inferior
Superior: towards the head
Inferior: towards the feet
Anterior Vs Posterior
Anterior: towards the front of the body
Posterior: towards the back of the body
Medial Vs Lateral
Medial: in the middle of the body
Lateral: AWAY from the middle of the body
Proximal vs Distal
Proximal: closer to the trunk of the body
Distal: further away from the base of the body
Superficial vs Deep
Superficial: closer to the surface
Deep: away from the body surface
Frontal body plane
cut down the middle with anterior and posterior parts
sagittal body plane
separates left and right
transverse (horizontal) body plane
separates superior and inferior
Oblique
any other type of section in the body
Dorsal body cavity
o Nervous system
o Cranial cavity (brain)
o Vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral body cavity (and its 2 subdivisions)
thoracic cavity
- superior mediastinum (midline)
- Pleural cavity (lungs)
- Pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity
- separated from thoracic cavity due to diaphragm
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
Serosa
- Double layered membrane that is continuous to each other
- For lubrication
- Secreted by the membrane
- Parietal layer – the outer layer (holds the membrane and organ together)
- Visceral layer – the inside on that would be touching the organs
