Orientation to Human Body

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Structure of body parts & their relationships to one another

Question 2

Gross Anatomy

Answer 2

Seen with naked eye

Question 3

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 3

Seen with microscope

Cytology & Histology

Question 4

Developmental Anatomy

Answer 4

Structural changes occurring over a lifetime

Question 5

Physiology

Answer 5

Function of body’s structural machinery

Question 6

Principle of Complementarity

Answer 6

Anatomy & physiology are inseparable
– Function reflects structure
– What it can do depends on its specific form

Question 7

Examples of Necessary Life Functions

Answer 7

Maintaining boundaries (cellular & organismal level): keep distinct internal & external environments
2. Movement (locomotion, propulsion & contractility): activities promoted by muscular system
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense environmental changes & respond
4. Digestion: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs into simple absorbable
molecules
5. Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism & cellular respiration): All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body cells
6. Excretion: Removal of wastes from body
7. Reproduction:
➢Cellular: cell divides & produces two identical daughter cells
➢Organismal: sperm & egg unite to make a whole new person
8. Growth (cellular, organ & organismal level): Increase in size

Question 8

Name things that keep us alive (survival needs)

Answer 8

Nutrients: chemical substances used for energy & cell building

2. Oxygen: chemical reactions that release energy from food are oxidative reactions
3. Water: environment for chemical reactions & fluid base for secretions/excretions
4. Normal body temperature: Changes can alter reaction rates
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure: Respiration

Question 9

Homeostasis definition

Answer 9

How we keep both our cells and fluid surrounding our cells in a dynamically stable environment

• ability to maintain a relatively table internal environment
• Involves all organ systems

Question 10

Receptor
Control Centre
Effector

Answer 10

Receptor: sensor that monitors environments and responds to stimuli
Control centre: determines variable set point and response
Effector: provides means to respond to stimuli

Question 11

Negative Feedback Cycle

Answer 11

Causes variable to change in opposite direction of initial change
• Begins: variable leaves its homeostatic range
• Ends: variable is back within its normal range (Self- terminating)

(output shuts off effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity)
**most of the cycles in the body

Question 12

Positive Feedback Cycle

Answer 12

Response amplifies or magnifies its stimulus
• Begins: variable leaves homeostatic range
• Ends: outside factor shuts off cycle

Question 13

Anatomical Position

Answer 13

Body standing erect
• Face is forward
• Spine has slight S curve
• Feet slightly apart and flat on floor
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body

Question 14

Superior vs Inferior

Answer 14

Superior: towards the head
Inferior: towards the feet

Question 15

Anterior Vs Posterior

Answer 15

Anterior: towards the front of the body
Posterior: towards the back of the body

Question 16

Medial Vs Lateral

Answer 16

Medial: in the middle of the body
Lateral: AWAY from the middle of the body

Question 17

Proximal vs Distal

Answer 17

Proximal: closer to the trunk of the body
Distal: further away from the base of the body

Question 18

Superficial vs Deep

Answer 18

Superficial: closer to the surface
Deep: away from the body surface

Question 19

Frontal body plane

Answer 19

cut down the middle with anterior and posterior parts

Question 20

sagittal body plane

Answer 20

separates left and right

Question 21

transverse (horizontal) body plane

Answer 21

separates superior and inferior

Question 22

Oblique

Answer 22

any other type of section in the body

Question 23

Dorsal body cavity

Answer 23

o Nervous system
o Cranial cavity (brain)
o Vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

Question 24

Ventral body cavity (and its 2 subdivisions)

Answer 24

thoracic cavity

• superior mediastinum (midline)
• Pleural cavity (lungs)
• Pericardial cavity (heart)

Abdominopelvic cavity

• separated from thoracic cavity due to diaphragm
• abdominal cavity
• pelvic cavity

Question 25

Serosa

Answer 25

• Double layered membrane that is continuous to each other
• For lubrication
• Secreted by the membrane
• Parietal layer – the outer layer (holds the membrane and organ together)
• Visceral layer – the inside on that would be touching the organs