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PHARM110 > Skeleton (Axial) > Flashcards

Skeleton (Axial) Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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2
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the axial skeleton?

A

skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skull?

A 
cranial bones (cranium)
facial bones
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4
Q

What is the function of the cranial cavity?

A

enclose brain in cranial cavity
provides site of attachment for head and neck muscles
cranial vault - calvaria
cranial base - made up of 3 cranial fossae

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5
Q

What is the function of the facial bones?

A 
framework of the face 
anchor facial muscles 
sites of attachment for teeth and muscles 
cavities for special sense organs 
openings for air and food passage
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6
Q

What are the 3 fossae of the cranium?

A

anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

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7
Q

What are the 8 bones of the skull?

A 
frontal bone 
parietal bones 
occipital bone
temporal bones
sphenoid 
ethmoid
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8
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

the passage of the spinal cord through the occipital bone

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9
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the temporal bone?

A

squamous region

  • zygomatic profess
  • mandibular fossa

petrous region

  • mastoid process
  • styloid process

tympanic region
- external acoustic meatus

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10
Q

Carotid canal (of the temporal bone)

A

for the internal carotid artery

smaller holes to the jugular foramen

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11
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

for the facial nerve CN VII

near the styloid and mastoid process

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12
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

for facial nerve (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VII) nerves

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13
Q

jugular foramen

A

larger holes on the side of the foramen magnum

for internal jugular vein and CN IX, X, XI

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14
Q

what is the function of the mastoid air cells?

A

to lighten the skull

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15
Q

what are the 3 processes on the sphenoid bone?

A 
lesser wings
greater wings 
pterygoid processes 
- medial pterygoid plates
- lateral pterygoid plates
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16
Q

Where is the sella tucica

A

part of the sphenoid bone

looks like the vertebral column of the sphenoid

contains the hypophyseal fossa

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17
Q

what are the 5 sphenoid bone passageways?

A

superior orbital fissure (control eye movement)

optic canal (for optic nerve)

foramen rotundum (for trigeminal nerve)

foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve)

foramen spinosum (for middle meningeal artery)

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18
Q

what are some of the characteristics of the ethmoid bone?

A

deepest skull bone
contributes to the medial wall of orbits
superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities, and 2 nasal conchae

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19
Q

Where is the cribriform plate and what is the function?

A

in the ethmoid bone
for the olfactory foramina

the crista galli is also a part of the cribriform plate - attaching dura mater

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of the mandible?

A

lower jaw
largest, strongest bone of the face
contains sockets for lower teeth

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21
Q

what 2 bones form the temporomandibular joint?

A

the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle of the mandible

**only freely moveable skull joint

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22
Q

what are the 2 main points of the mandible?

A

mandibular condyle - where the jaw connects to the skull

mandibular angle - the jaw line

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23
Q

what are the 2 points of the maxillary bones?

A

palatine process - the top palette of the mouth (medially fused to form the upper jaw)

maxillary sinus (in the cheeks but closer to the nose)

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24
Q

zygomatic bones

A

has the zygomatic arch - the cheek bones

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25
Q

nasal bones

A

forms the bridge of the nose and attaches to nose cartilage

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26
Q

lacrimal bones

A

form the medial orbital walls

lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

27
Q

Vomer bone

A

plow shaped

lower part of nasal septum

28
Q

palatine bones

A

L-shaped bones
posterior 1/3 of hard palate
psterolateral walls of nasal cavity

29
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

form parts of lateral walls of nasal cavity

the superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha are part of the ethmoid bone

30
Q

hyoid bone

A

**not really a skull bone
does not articulate directly with another bone - anchored by ligaments

acts as a moveable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

C3 vertebrae

31
Q

paranasal sinuses function

A

mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in skull bones

Functions:

  • warm and humidify air
  • lighten skull
  • enhance vocal response
32
Q

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

frontal sinus (frontal bone)

ethmoidal air cells

sphenoidal sinus (posterior to ethmoid)

maxillary sinus (in the cheeks but close to the nose)

33
Q

what are the 5 major sutures of the cranium?

A 
coronal suture
squamous suture
pterion
sagittal
lambdoid
34
Q

what bones form the coronal suture

A

frontal and parietal

35
Q

what bones form the squamous suture

A

parietal and temporal bones

36
Q

what bones form the pterion?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

37
Q

what bones form the sagittal suture?

A

between the 2 parietal bones (left and right)

38
Q

what bones form the lambdoid suture?

A

parietal and occipital

39
Q

which bones make up the hard pallet?

A

maxilla and palantine

40
Q

what bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

maxilla, zygomatic, temporal

41
Q

fetal skull main points

A
  • the infant skull has more bones than the adult skull
  • fetal skull is connected by 4 fontanels
    1. anterior fontanel
    2. posterior fontanel
    3. mastoid fontanel
    4. sphenoidal fontanel
42
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column?

A

extends from the skull to pelvis
transmits the weight of trunk to lower limbs

surrounds and protects spinal cord

formed from 26 bones

serves as attachment site for muscles of neck and back

held in place by ligaments

43
Q

body of the vertebrae

A

disc shaped, weight bearing region

44
Q

vertebral arch

A

composed of both pedicles and laminae

45
Q

vertebral foramina

A

make up the vertebral canal for spinal cord

46
Q

Where are the pedicles vs laminae of the vertebrae?

A

pedicles are closest to the body

lamina is between the 2 processes

47
Q

transverse vs spinous processes

A

transverse - project laterally

spinous - project posteriorly

48
Q

superior and inferior articular processes (with facets)

A

protrude superiorly and inferiorly from pedicle-lamina junctions

49
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

lateral openings for passage of spinal nerves

50
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus

A

inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility (Intervertebral disc)

no IV discs between C1 and C2

51
Q

what is the annulus fibrosus?

A

surrounds nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

52
Q

cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar

A

cervical - 7 bones
thoracic - 12 bones
lumbar - 5 bones

53
Q

sacrum vs coccyx

A

the sacrum is 5 fused vertebrae, whereas the coccyx is 3-5 fused vertebrae (Tail bone)

coccyx is made up of 3-5 fused vertebrae
articulates superiorly with sacrum
serves little function

54
Q

thoracic cage function

A

protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
provides attachment sites for many muscles

55
Q

what is the thoracic cage composed of

A

thoracic vertebrae
sternum
ribs and costal cartilages

56
Q

what is the sternum made up of

A

manubrium - articulates with clavicles and costal cartilages of ribs 1-2
body - costal cartilages of robs 2-7
xiphoid process: not ossified until age 40

57
Q

anatomical landmarks of the sternum

A 
jugular notch (top notch of the 
sternal angle 
xiphisternal joint (in between the xiphoid process and body)
58
Q

how many true ribs are there

A

there are 7 true ribs that attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages

59
Q

how many false ribs are there?

A

there are 3 false ribs that attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7

60
Q

how many floating ribs are there

A

there are 2 floating ribs with no anterior attachment

61
Q

what are the spaces between each rib called?

A

intercostal spaces

62
Q

what are the landmarks of a typical true rib?

A 
head
articular facets
neck
tubercle
angle
costal groove
63
Q

is the bumpy or smooth/flat end of the rib connect to the vertebrae?

A

the head of the rib connects to the vertebrae (back) and the flat/smooth end is at the ribs (your ribs are not bumpy but your back is)

64
Q

what pair of ribs is atypical?

A

first pair

PHARM110 (7 decks)

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