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PHARM110 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Prime mover (agonist)

A

major responsibility for producing specific movement

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2
Q

antagonist

A

opposes or reverses movement

prime mover and antagonist are located on opposite sides of joint across which they act

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3
Q

synergist

A

helps prime movers

adds extra force to same movement

reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement

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4
Q

fixator

A

synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle’s origin

gives prime mover stable base on which to act

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5
Q

coronal plane

A

anterior and posterior

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6
Q

sagittal plane

A

medial and lateral

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7
Q

transverse plane

A

superior and inferior

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8
Q

proximal

A

near to the approximate centre of mass

some reference point further from the centre of mass

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9
Q

distal

A

distant from the approximate centre of mass

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10
Q

a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces…

A

flexion

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11
Q

a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces…

A

extension

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12
Q

a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces….

A

abduction (moving up and away)

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13
Q

a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces…

A

adduction

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14
Q

protraction vs retraction

A

protraction - forward motion, jaw juts forward

retraction - backward motion, jaw juts backward

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15
Q

dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

A

dorsiflexion - foot arches upward

plantar flexion - foot arches downward

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16
Q

inversion vs eversion

A

inversion - inside of the foot sticking up

eversion - outside of the foot sticking up

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17
Q

circular fascicle arrangement

A

fascicles arranged in concentrate rings

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18
Q

convergent fascicle arrangement

A

broad origin; fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion

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19
Q

fusiform fascicle arrangement

A

spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers

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20
Q

parallel fascicle arrangements

A

fascicles parallel to long axis of strap-like muscles

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21
Q

pennate fascicle arrangement

A

short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle

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22
Q

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

A

unipennate: fascicles attach only to one side of tendon
bipennate: fascicles insert on opposite sides of tendon
multipennate: appears as feathers inserting into one tendon

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23
Q

components of a lever system:
lever
effort
load

A

lever - bone that moves on a fixed point (joint)

effort - force applied to move the load

load - the resistance moved by the effort (the weight of the object)

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24
Q

power versus speed

A

levers allow given effort to move heavier load or to move load farther or faster

mechanical advantage (power level): load is close to fulcrum, with effort fair from fulcrum 
- small effort can move large load 
mechanical disadvantage (speed lever): load is far from fulcrum, with effort close to fulcrum 
- load moved rapidly over large distance
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25
Q

what is the equation for the lever systems

A

effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm

force x distance = resistance x distance

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26
Q

first class lever system

A

fulcrum is between load and effort

seesaw, scissors

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27
Q

second class lever

A

load is between fulcrum and effort
(wheelbarrow, standing on toes)
Load is in the middle

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28
Q

third class lever

A

effort is applied between fulcrum and load
(tweezers, most skeletal muscles)
effort in the middle

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29
Q

epicranius

A

main muscle for facial expression
has frontal belly (frontalis) and occipital belly

connected by the epicranial aponeurosis

allows us to raise eyebrows

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30
Q

corrugator supercilli

A

o: arch of frontal bone
i: skin of eyebrow
a: draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly
* *angry eyebrows

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31
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

o: frontal and maxillary bone
i: eyelid
a: closes eye
* *blinking

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32
Q

zygomaticus:

A

has major and minor

o: zygomatic bone
i: mouth
a: raises lateral corners of mouth
* *smile

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33
Q

risorius

A

o: masseter muscle
i: mouth
a: draws corner of lips laterally
* *laughter

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34
Q

levator labii superioris

A

o: zygomatic bone and maxilla
i: upper lip
a: opens lip

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35
Q

depressor labii inferioris

A

o: mandible
i: lower lip
a: draws lower lip inferiorly

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36
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

o: mandible
i: mouth
a: draws corners of mouth down and laterally

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37
Q

orbicularis oris

A

o: maxilla and mandible
i: mouth
a: closes lips
* *pucker

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38
Q

mentalis

A

o: mandible
i: chin
a: wrinkles chin (pout)

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39
Q

buccinator

A

o: maxilla and mandible
i: orbicularis oris
a: compresses cheek

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40
Q

platysma

A

o: chest
i: mandible and mouth
a: tenses skin of neck

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41
Q

happy facial expression muscles

A

levetator labii superioris

zygomaticus minor and major

risorius

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42
Q

sad facial expression muscles

A

mentalis
depressor labii inferioris
depressor anguli oris

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43
Q

what are the muscles of mastication?

A

*all invervated by cranial nerve V

temporalis and masseter: prime movers of jaw closure

Pterygoids: grinding movements

buccinator: chewing role

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44
Q

what are the muscles promoting tongue movements?

A

genioglossues
hypoglossus
styloglossus

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45
Q

masseter

A

o: zygomatic bone
i: mandible
a: jaw closure

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46
Q

temporalis

A

o: temporal fossa
i: mandible
a: closes jaw

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47
Q

medial pterygoid

A

o: spheniod bone, maxilla
i: mandible
a: protract the mandible and promote side-to-side movement

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48
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

o: sphenoid bone
i: mandible
a: forward sliding and side-to-side grinding movements, protracts mandible

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49
Q

genioglossus

A

o: mandible
i: hyoid bone
a: protracts tongue

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50
Q

hypoglossus

A

o: hyoid bone
i: tongue
a: depresses tongue

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51
Q

styloglossus

A

o: temporal bone
i: tongue
a: retracts and elevates tongue

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52
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

form floor of oral cavity
anchor tongue
elevate hyoid bone
move larynx during swallowing

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53
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking

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54
Q

epiglottis

A

closes over larynx while muscles in walls of pharynx propel food forward to stomach

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55
Q

digastric

A

o: mandible and temporal bone
i: hyoid bone
a: open mouth and depress mandible

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56
Q

stylohyoid

A

o: temporal bone
i: hyoid bone
a: elevates and retracts hyoid

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57
Q

mylohyoid

A

o: mandible
i: hyoid bone
a: elevate hyoid bone and floor of mouth

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58
Q

geniohyoid

A

o: mandibular
i: hyoid bone
a: pulls hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly

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59
Q

sternohyoid

A

o: manubrium and clavicle
i: hyoid bone
a: depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is fixed

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60
Q

sternothyroid

A

o: manubrium
i: thyroid cartilage
a: depresses larynx and hyoid bone

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61
Q

omohyoid

A

o: scapula
i: hyoid bone
a: depresses and retracts hyoid bone

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62
Q

thyrohyoid

A

o: thyroid cartilage
i: hyoid bone
a: depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed

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63
Q

superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

o: mandible, hyoid bone, laryngeal
i: pharynx
a: contract pharynx during swallowing

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64
Q

suprahyoid bone vs infrahyoid bones

A

Suprahyoid bones (GSDM)

  • Geniohyoid
  • Digastric
  • Stylohyoid
  • Mylohyoid

Infrahyoid (TOSS)

  • Thyrohyoid
  • Omohyoid (superior)
  • Omohyoid (inferior)
  • Sternyhyoid
  • Sternothyroid
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65
Q

what are the 2 functional groups of the head and neck?

A

anterolateral neck muscles: move head

intrinsic muscles: extend trunk and maintain posture

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66
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A
  • two headed muscle
    o: manubrium and clavicle
    i: temporal bone and occipital bone
    a: flexes and laterally rotates the head
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67
Q

scalenes

A

o: cervical vertebrae
i: first 2 ribs
a: elevate first 2 ribs

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68
Q

splenius

A

consists of capitis and cervicis

o: ligamentum nuchae, vertebrae C7-T6
i: temporal and occipital bone (capitis)
C2-C4 vertebrae (Cervicis)
a: extend head

69
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

ligament extending from occipital bone to cervical vertebrae

inhibits excessive head and neck flexion

70
Q

erector spinae muscles

A

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

  • prime mover of back extension
  • full flexion if relaxes
  • extension is initiated by hamstring muscles of thighs and gluteus maximus muscles
71
Q

iliocostalis

A

consists of lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
*lateral

o: iliac crest (lumborum), ribs (thoracis), ribs (cervicis)
i: ribs (lumborum and thoracis), cervical vertebrae (cervicis)
a: extend and laterally flex the vertebral column

72
Q

longissimus

A

consists of thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts
*intermediate

o: lumbar to cervical vertebrae
i: thoracic or cervical vertebrae and ribs
capitis inserts into the temporal bone
a: extend adn laterally flex vertebral column, extends head and turns face

73
Q

spinalis

A

consists of thoracis and cervicis *medial

o: lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
i: thoracic and cervical
a: extends vertebral column

74
Q

semispinalis

A

consists of thoracis, cervicis, capitis

O: C2-T12
I: occipital bone (capitis), cervical (cervicis), thoracic vertebrae (thoracis)
a: extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite sides

75
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

o: iliac crest
i: lumbar vertebrae
a: forced inspiration

76
Q

transversospinalis muscles

A

rotatores

  • in and around transverse process
  • insert 1 full vertebrae up
  • full length of the spine
  • stabilization of the spine

multidifidus
- o: transverse process of vertebrae
- i: spinous process of vertebrae
runs the entire length of vertebrae

77
Q

external intercostals

A

o: inferior ribs
i: superior ribs
a: pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage
(fibers going down)

78
Q

internal intercostals

A

o: superior rib
i: inferior rib
a: draws ribs together and depress rib cage
(fibers going up)

79
Q

diaphragm

A

o: rib cage, sternum, costal cartilages
i: central tendon
a: prime mover of inspriation

80
Q

rectus abdominus

A

o: pubic crest
i: xiphoid process and ribs
a: flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column

81
Q

external oblique

A

forms inguinal ligament

o: ribs
i: linea alba and iliac crest
a: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall, rotates trunk and flex laterally

82
Q

internal oblique

A

o: lumbar and iliac crest
i: linea alba, pubic crest, ribs
a: same as external oblique

83
Q

transversus abdominus

A

o: lumbar
i: linea alba, pubic crest
a: compresses abdominal contents

84
Q

functions of the pelvic diaphragm

A

seals inferior outlet of pelvis
supports pelvic organs
lifts pelvic floor to release feces
resists increased intra-abdominal pressure

85
Q

levator ani

A

pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus

o: inside pelvis
i: coccyx
a: supports and maintains pelvic organs

86
Q

coccgeus

A

small triangular muscle

o: spine of ischium
i: sacrum and coccyx
a: supports pelvic organs

87
Q

actions of the superficial muscles of anterior and posterior thorax

A

elevation, depression, rotation, lateral and medial movements, protraction, retraction

act in combination to fix shoulder girdle

88
Q

pectoralis minor

A

o: ribs 3-5
i: scapula
a: with ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and downward

89
Q

serratus anterior

A

o: ribs 1-8
i: scapula
a: rotates scapula

90
Q

subclavius

A

o: costal cartilage of rib 1
i: clavicle
a: stabilize and depress pectoral girdle

91
Q

trapezius

A

o: occipital bone, C7, thoracic vertebrae
i: scapula and clavicle
a: stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates scapula

92
Q

levator scapulae

A

o: C1-C4
i: scapula
a: elevator and adduct scapula

93
Q

rhomboids

A

consists of major and minor

o: C7 and T1 (minor), and T2-T5 (major)
i: scapula
a: stabilize scapula

94
Q

what are the 3 prime movers of arm?

A

pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid

95
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

96
Q

pectoralis major

A

o: clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6, external oblique
i: humerus
a: clavicular part, sternal part

97
Q

deltoid

A

o: clavicle and scapula
i: humerus
a: prime mover of arm
- anterior fibers active: flex and rotate arm medially
- posterior fibers active: lateral rotation of arm

98
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

o: thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, ribs 3-4, iliac crest, scapula
i: humerus
a: prime mover of arm extension

99
Q

subscapularis

A

o: scapula
i: humerus
a: medial rotator of arm

100
Q

supraspinatus

A

o: scapula
i: humerus
a: initiates abduction of arm

101
Q

infraspinatus

A

o: scapula
i: humerus
a: rotate arm laterally

102
Q

teres minor

A

o: scapula
i: humerus
a: same as infraspinatus

103
Q

teres major

A

o: scapula
i: humerus
a: extends, medially, rotates and adducts arm

104
Q

coracoid brachialis

A

o: scapula
i: humerus
a: flexes and adducts arm

105
Q

triceps brachii

A

o: long head: scapula, lateral head: humerus, medial head: humerus
i: ulna
a: prime mover is medial head, long and lateral head extend the forearm

106
Q

aconeus

A

o: humerus
i: ulna
a: may control ulnar abduction during forearm pronation

107
Q

biceps brachii

A

has 2 heads

o: scapula
i: radial tuberosity
a: flexes and supinates arm

108
Q

brachialis

A

o: humerus
i: ulna
a: major forearm flexor

109
Q

brachioradialis

A

o: humerus
i: radius
a: flexing forearm

110
Q

anterior and posterior muscle characteristics of the wrist, hand, fingers

A

anterior muscles are flexors and insert via flexor retinaculum

posterior muscles are extensors, insert via extensor retinaculum

111
Q

actions of the muscles of the forearm

A

movement of wrist, fingers, thumb, pronation and supination of forearm

112
Q

pronator teres

A

o: humus and ulna
i: radius
a: pronates forearm

113
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A

o: humerus
i: metacarpals
a: flexor and abductor of hand

114
Q

palmaris longus

A

o: humerus
i: palmar aponeurosis
a: tenses skin and fascia of palm

115
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A

o: humerus and ulna
i: metacarpal
a: powerful flexor and adductor

116
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A

o: humerus, ulna, radius
i: second to fifth fingers
a: flexes wrist and middle phalanges of second to fifth fingers

117
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A

o: radius
i: thumb
a: flexes distal phalanx of thumb

118
Q

flexor digitorum profundus

A

o: ulna
i: second to fifth fingers
a: flexes distal interphalangeal joints

119
Q

pronator quadratus

A

o: ulna
i: radius
a: pronation

120
Q

extensor carpi radialis longnus

A

o: humerus
i: metacarpals
a: extends hands

121
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

o: humerus
i: metacarpals
a: extends hand

122
Q

extensor digitorum

A

also called extensor digiti minimi

o: humerus
i: second to fifth fingers
a: prime mover of finger extension

123
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A

o: humerus and ulna
i: metacarpal
a: extends hands and adducts

124
Q

supinator

A

o: humerus and ulna
i: proximal end of radius
a: assist biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forarm

125
Q

abducor pollicis longus

A

o: radius and ulna
i: first metacarpal
a: abducts and extends thumb

126
Q

extensor pollicis brevis and longus

A

o: radius and ulna
i: thumb
a: extends thumb

127
Q

extensor indicis

A

o: ulna
i: index finger
a: extends index finger

128
Q

iliopsoas - iliacus

A

o: iliac fossa and crest
i: femur
a: flexing thigh

129
Q

iliopsoas - psoas major

A

o: lumbar vertebrae and T12
i: femur
a: flexes vertebral column, flex thigh

130
Q

sartorius

A

longest muscle in the body

o: iliac spine
i: tibia
a: flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh

131
Q

gluteus maximus

A

o: dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx
i: femur, iliotibial tract
a: extensor of thigh, most effective when thigh is flexed

132
Q

gluteus medius

A

for intramuscular injections

o: ilium
i: femur
a: abducts and medially rotates thigh, walking, holding pelvis in

133
Q

gluteus minimus

A

deepest gluteal muscle

o: ilium
i: femur
a: same as medius

134
Q

piriformis

A

o: sacrum
i: femur
a: rotates thigh laterally, help abduct

135
Q

obturator externus

A

o: margins of obturator foramen
i: femur
a: same as piriformis

136
Q

obturator internus

A

o: obturator foramen
i: greater trochanter
a: piriformis

137
Q

gemellus

A

has superior and inferior

o: ischial spine
i: femur

138
Q

quadratus femoris

A

o: ischial tuberosity
i: femur
a: rotates thigh laterally

139
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

common insertion tendon - quadriceps tendon which inserts into patella and then patellar ligament

140
Q

rectus femoris

A

o: iliac spine
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends leg and flexes thigh at hip

141
Q

vastus lateralis

A

o: linea aspera (femur)
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends and stabilizes leg

142
Q

vastus medialis

A

o: linea aspera (femur)
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends leg

143
Q

vastus intermedius

A

o: femur shaft
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends leg

144
Q

tensor fascia lata

A

o: femur shaft
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: steadies the leg and trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract

145
Q

hamstrings

A

cross both the hip and knee joints

thigh extension and knee flexion

146
Q

biceps femori

A

o: ischial tuberosity (long head) and femur (short head)
i: fibula and tibia
a: extends thigh and flexes leg

147
Q

semitendinosous

A

largely tendinous

o: ischial tuberosity
i: tibia
a: extends thigh and flexes leg

148
Q

semimembranosous

A

deep to semitendinosous

o: ischial tuberosity
i: tibia
a: extends thigh and flexes leg

149
Q

adductor

A

three muscles

  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
150
Q

adductor magnus

A

o: ischial and pubic rami
i: femur
a: adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh

151
Q

adductor longus

A

o: pubis
i: linea aspera (femur)
a: adducts, flexes and medially rotates thigh

152
Q

adductor brevis

A

o: pubic ramus
i: linea aspera (femur)
a: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh

153
Q

pectineus

A

o: pubis
i: femur
a: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh

154
Q

gracilis

A

o: pubis
i: tibia
a: adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

155
Q

anterior lower leg muscles

A

primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexions

156
Q

tibialis anterior

A

o: tibia
i: first metatarsal bone
a: dorsiflexion, inverts foot

157
Q

extnesor digitorum longus

A

o: tibia and fibula
i: second to fifth toes
a: toe extension and dorsiflexion

158
Q

fibularis tertius

A

o: fibula
i: fifth metatarsal
a: dorsiflexes and everts foot

159
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A

o: fibula
i: great toe
a: extends great toe, dorsiflexes foot

160
Q

fibularis longus

A

o: fibula
i: first metatarsal
a: plantar flexes and everts foot

161
Q

fibularis brevis

A

deep to longus

o: fibula
i: fifth metatarsal
a: plantar flexes and everts foot

162
Q

triceps surae

A

refers to both gastrocnemius and soleus

inserts via a common tendon of the calcaneous or achilles tendon

163
Q

gastrocnemius

A

two prominent bellies

o: 2 heads of femur
i: calcaneus
a: plantar flexes foot, flexes knee

164
Q

soleus

A

o: tibia and fibula
i: gastrocnemius
a: plantar flexes foot, walking, running, dancing

165
Q

plantaris

A

o: femur
i: calcaneus
a: flex leg, plantar flex foot

166
Q

popliteus

A

o: femur
i: tibia
a: flexes and rotates leg medially

167
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A

o: tibia
i: second to fifth toes
a: plantar flexes and inverts foot, flexes toe

168
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A

o: fibula
i: great toe
a: plantar flexes, inverts, flexes great toe

PHARM110 (7 decks)

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