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PSA606 Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

Negative feedback _____ variations from the normal and positive feedback _____ variations from the normal.

A
  1. Opposes

2. Exaggerates

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3
Q

Stimulus -> Receptor -> _____ -> Effector -> _____

A
  1. Control centre

2. Response

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4
Q

Describe the process of positive feedback in blood clotting.

A
  1. Damaged cells release chemicals.
  2. Chemical start a chain reaction that initiates clotting.
  3. Each step releases more chemicals to accelerate more clotthing.
  4. Loop ends with formation of a clot.
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5
Q

Describe the roles of epithelia cells.

A
  1. Cover exposed surfaces
  2. Line passageways
  3. Produce secretions
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6
Q

Describe the roles of connective tissues.

A
  1. Fill internal spaces
  2. Structural support
  3. Stores energy
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7
Q

Describe the roles of muscle tissues.

A

Contracts to produce movement.

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8
Q

Describe the roles of neural tissues.

A
  1. Conducts electrical impulses

2. Carries electrical information

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9
Q

Epithelial cells can be classified by their number of layers and what?

A

Shape

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10
Q

If an epithelial cell is said to be a ‘stratified epithelium’, it means what?

A

Epithelium has multiple layers.

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11
Q

State the 4 shapes epithelial cells can take.

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
  4. Transitional
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12
Q

At the bottom of an epithelial cell, what is the name of the membrane that lies on top of the basal surface?

A

Basement membrane.

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13
Q

What is the role of cell junctions in epithelial tissues?

A

Ensures cells remain like a flat sheet.

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14
Q

What is the top surface of an epithelial tissue called?

A

Apical surface.

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15
Q

What is the function of microvilli on epithelial tissues?

A

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

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16
Q

What is the function of cilia on epithelial tissues?

A

Long hair-like projections that sweep to clear passageways.

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17
Q

Describe what squamous epithelial cells look like.

A

Flat, squashed surface.

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18
Q

State one place where you could find squamous epithelium.

A

Lining of blood vessles.

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19
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium produces multiple layers for what?

A

Protection and recovery from abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attacks.

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20
Q

Cuboidal epithelium provide protection and are important for secretion, where can they be found?

A

Ducts (e.g. kidney tubule).

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21
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium function like simple epithelium, state a gland where they can be found.

A

Sweat gland.

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22
Q

State the function of transitional epithelium.

A

Changes from one shape to another.

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23
Q

Are transitional epithelium at the start:

a) taller than they are wide
b) wider than they are tall

A

a) taller than they are wide

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24
Q

Columnar epithelium are taller than they are wide, what does this help with?

A

Further distance for substances to pass through, so provides more protection than squamous cells.

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25
Q

What types of epithelia cells contain microvilli?

A

Columnar epithelium

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26
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium are in contact with what?

A

Basement membrane.

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27
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium is found in the mouth and nose, what is the function of these epithelium?

A

Protection.

28
Q

Exocrine glands secrete ____ the body.

29
Q

____ connect to exocrine glands.

30
Q

Exocrine glands are classified according to shape, what are the four shapes?

A
  1. Tubular
  2. Coiled
  3. Branched
  4. Alveolar
31
Q

Define merocrine glandular secretion.

A

Merely vesicles are discharged.

32
Q

Define apocrine glandular secretion.

A

A portion of cytoplasm shed and subsequently regenerates.

33
Q

Define holocrine glandular secretion.

A

Whole cells bursts (consists of stratified tissues).

34
Q

Connective tissue contains what three substances?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibres
  3. Ground substance
35
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Component of connective tissue - fluid such as blood/lymph/cartilage gel.

36
Q

Where are mesenchymal tissues found and what is their function?

A

Found in embryos.

Can differentiate into different types of cells.

37
Q

Loose connective tissue is used for what?

38
Q

What are the two types of loose connective tissues?

A

Adipose

Reticular

39
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Used for storage of energy, insulates and cushions shock.

40
Q

What is the function of reticular, loose connective tissues?

A

Tissue which provides supporting framework from its branched.

41
Q

What are the three type for dense connective tissues?

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
42
Q

What is the function of regular dense connective tissues.

A

Provides firm attachment and stabilises contraction.

43
Q

What is the function of irregular dense connective tissues?

A

Limits expansion and provides strength to resist forces applied.

44
Q

What is the function of elastic dense connective tissue?

A

Allows for more elasticity.

Cushions shock and facilitates expansion and contraction.

45
Q

What is the name of cells in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

46
Q

Chondrocytes sit in a gel-like substance called what?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

47
Q

Hyaline cartilage reduces friction between bony surfaces, where is it found?

A

Synovial joints.

48
Q

Elastic cartilage includes more elastic fibres which allows for what?

A

Allows ear to return to normal shape after being bent.

49
Q

Fibrocartilage prevents what?

A

Bone-to-bone movement.

50
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs.

51
Q

Mucous membrane lines cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body. What types of epithelium are found here?

A

Ciliated columnated epithelium.

52
Q

Serous membranes line the internal body cavities, what tissues are found here?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

53
Q

Cutaneous membranes line body surfaces, which tissues are found here?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

54
Q

Synovial membranes consist of what two types of connective tissues?

A

Loose and dense.

55
Q

What are the three layers of fasciae?

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Deep
  3. Subserous
56
Q

The superficial layer of fasciae is found where?

A

Between skin and organs/muscle.

57
Q

Deep fascia is composed from dense connective tissue. What does it form?

A

Strong, fibrous internal framework.

58
Q

The subserous fascia is found between what?

A

Serous membranes and deep fascia.

59
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
60
Q

Which of the three muscle tissue do not have a striated appearance?

61
Q

Which of the three muscle tissues is smallest?

62
Q

Which of the three muscle tissues is largest?

63
Q

How are skeletal muscles controlled and stimulated?

A

Motor neurones.

64
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells controlled?

A

Pacemaker cells.

65
Q

Cardiac muscle consists of intercalated disks which connect between adjacent cells, what is their function?

A

Electrical connection.

66
Q

What cells control smooth muscle?

What can also control smooth muscle, beside cells?

A

Pacesetter cells.

Hormonal control.

PSA606 Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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