Articulations/Joints

Question 1

What are the three structural classifications of joints? State their moving abilities.

Answer 1

1. Synarthrosis - immovable
2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
3. Diarthrosis - freely moveable

Question 2

Circumduction is a combination of what movements?

Answer 2

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.

Question 3

Rotation is movement around what axis?

Answer 3

Longitudinal

Question 4

Describe pronation.

Answer 4

Radius crosses ulna, palm faces posteriorly.

Question 5

Describe supination.

Answer 5

Anatomical position, palm faces anteriorly.

Question 6

Describe inversion.

Answer 6

Twisting of sole medially.

Question 7

Describe eversion.

Answer 7

Twisting of sole laterally.

Question 8

What classification is a synostosis joint and give an example.

Answer 8

Synarthrosis

Joint between left and right frontal bone (bone fused)

Question 9

What classification is a suture joint and give an example.

Answer 9

Synathrosis

Bones interlock and attach by collagen fibres (sutures in cranium).

Question 10

What classification is a gomphosis joint and give an example.

Answer 10

Synarthrosis

Tooth fits in socket attached by a ligament.

Question 11

What classification is a syndesmosis joint and give an example.

Answer 11

Amphiarthrosis

Bones connected by a ligament (e.g. tibia and fibula).

Question 12

What classification is a synchondrosis joint and give an example.

Answer 12

Synarthrosis

Bones attached by cartilage (costal cartilage with ribs).

Question 13

What classification is a symphysis joint and give an example.

Answer 13

Amphiarthrosis

Bones separated by fibrocartilage disc (pubic symphysis).

Question 14

What classification is a synovial joint and give an example.

Answer 14

Diarthrosis

Cartilage, synovial fluid inside joint capsule (end of long bones).

Question 15

What is the role of articular cartilage?

Answer 15

Prevents friction between bones.

Question 16

Describe what makes up synovial fluid and its functions.

Answer 16

Secreted from fibroblasts (high protein content - proteoglycans)

Functions: lubricates, absorbs shock, distributes nutrients.

Question 17

What is the joint capsule made from?

Answer 17

Fibrous connective tissue.

Question 18

What is the role of cartilage in synovial joints?

Answer 18

Cushion joints

Question 19

What is menisci in synovial joints?

Answer 19

Fibrocartilaginous structure - cushions joint, absorbs shock.

Question 20

What is the role of fat pads in synovial joints?

Answer 20

Protect and change shape to fill spaces within the joint for protection.

Question 21

What is the role of ligaments in synovial joints?

Answer 21

Support, strengthen, add stability

Question 22

What is the role of tendons in synovial joints?

Answer 22

Attach muscle to bone for support.

Question 23

What are bursae and what do they do?

Answer 23

Pockets of synovial fluid, cushion shock.

Question 24

Which types of synovial joints move mono-axially?

Answer 24

Hinge

Pivot

Question 25

Which type(s) of synovial joints move only slightly?

Answer 25

Gliding

Question 26

Which types of synovial joints move bi-axially?

Answer 26

Condylar | Saddle

Question 27

Which types of synovial joints move tri-axially?

Answer 27

Ball and socket

Question 28

What factors affect joint function and range of movement/stability?

Answer 28

Joint accessory structures Tendons/muscles crossing joints Bones Fat pads

Question 29

Limiting movement does what to stability at a joint?

Answer 29

Increases stability

Question 30

What is the classification for intervertebral dics?

Answer 30

Amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous, symphysis

Question 31

What is the outer layer of an intervertebral disc called?

Answer 31

Annulus fibrosis.

Question 32

What is the inner layer (elastic core) of an intervertebral disc called?

Answer 32

Nucleus pulopsus

Question 33

Addition of an intervertebral disc at the sacrum/coccyx would prevent what?

Answer 33

Rotation

Question 34

What happens when a person is said to have a 'slipped disc'?

Answer 34

Disc bulges out of vertebrae and causes pain

Question 35

What would have happened if someone was said to have a 'herniated disc'?

Answer 35

Disc compresses the spinal cord, causes leg pain.

Question 36

What deepens the socket at the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 36

Glenoid labrum.

Question 37

The head of the femur articulates with what?

Answer 37

Acetabulum

Question 38

What is the role of the acetabular labrum?

Answer 38

Deepens the cavity for further stability around the joint.

Question 39

The trochlear of the humerus articulates with what part of the ulna?

Answer 39

Trochlear notch

Question 40

The Capitulum of the humerus articulates with what?

Answer 40

Radius

Question 41

The trochlear notch limits movement of the elbow for what?

Answer 41

Stability

Question 42

The humeroradial joint facilitates what movements?

Answer 42

Pronation | Supination

Question 43

What is the posterior aspect of the trochlear notch?

Answer 43

Olecranon

Question 44

The knee joint has three articulations, what are these?

Answer 44

2x femur-tibia articulations | 1x patella-patella surface of femur

Question 45

State all the ligaments within the knee joint.

Answer 45

``` Patellar Anterior cruciate (front tibia/back femur) Posterior cruciate Tibial collateral Fibular collateral ```

Question 46

Does flexion of the knee loosen or tighten ligaments?

Answer 46

Loosens - allows for slight rotation.

Question 47

Damage of menisci in the knee joint could lead to what?

Answer 47

Difficulty locking knee, joint pain.

Question 48

Describe what must've happened for someone to sprain their joint.

Answer 48

Tearing of ligament

Question 49

What happens when someone dislocates a joint?

Answer 49

Articulating surfaces are displaced.

Question 50

What is the term for 'partial dislocation'?

Answer 50

Subluxation

Question 51

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 51

Damage to articular cartilage and underlying bone. Inflammatory condition. Associated with muscle weakness.

Question 52

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 52

An autoimmune condition. Inflammation of articular cartilage.

Question 53

What is gouty arthritis?

Answer 53

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joint due to metabolic disorder.