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PSA606 Anatomy & Physiology > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilage
  3. Joints
  4. Ligaments
  5. Connective tissues
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2
Q

State the characteristic of flat bones?

A

Internal/external table
Separated by dipole
Provides protection of organs

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3
Q

State the characteristic of long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide.

Useful for leverage.

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4
Q

State the characteristic of short bones?

A

Same width as their length.
Allows subtle movement.
Transfers forces between bones.

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5
Q

State the characteristic of irregular bones?

A

Complex shapes/functions.
Projections to increase SA.
Useful for protection.

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6
Q

State where sutural bones are located within the body.

A

Between skull bone.

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7
Q

Where do sesamoid bones form?

A

In tendon, arise from forces in tendons via ossification.

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8
Q

What is the role of then diaphysis?

A

Medullary cavity - holds the bone marrow.
Hollow cylinder - reduces weight.

More sturdy than compact bone.

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9
Q

What type of bone can you find in the epiphysis?

A

Trabecular bone

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10
Q

The epiphysis has projections that allow for what?

A

Projections allow for articulations at joint.

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11
Q

What is the function of articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A

Covers ends of bone for protection.

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12
Q

What is the name of the structural unit of bone tissue?

A

Osteon.

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13
Q

What components make up osseous tissue? State their ratios.

A
  1. Ground substance (2/3 bone matrix).
  2. Protein (1/3 bone matrix).
  3. Bone cells
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14
Q

State the journey of mesenchymal stem cells maturing into mature bone cells.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells -> Osteoblasts -> Osteocytes

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15
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

Have enzymes which destroy old bone, multi-nucleated, large SA.

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16
Q

Reduced activity of osteoclasts leads what?

A

Increased bone density, decreased bone reabsorption.

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17
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Immature bone, no minerals.

18
Q

What is canaliculi?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions which allow for communication and transfer minerals from neighbouring osteocytes.

19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Trabecular bone have osteons.

A

False - trabecular bone does not have osteons.

20
Q

Trabeculae has cross fibres which ensures what?

A

Strength in many direction.

21
Q

State the functions of red and yellow bone marrow.

A
  1. Red - provides nutrients to osteocytes.

2. Yellow - stores adipose tissue.

22
Q

Which of the two types of bone (compact/trabecular) have a blood supply?

A

Compact bone.

23
Q

What is the periosteum? State the two layers it is composed of.

A

Membrane on the outside of the bone.

  1. Outer fibrous layer
  2. Inner cellular layer
24
Q

What is the endosteum? Where does it line?

A

Membrane lining inside of bone - lines medullary cavity, central canals, and trabeculae.

25
Q

Intramembrane ossification forms what type of bone?

A

Flat bone formation

26
Q

Endochondrial ossification is the formation of bone from what?

A

Cartilage

27
Q

Define appositional growth.

A

Growth in width - bone deposited by osteoblasts and reabsorbed by osteoclasts.

28
Q

Intramembrane ossification forms spincules which are what?

A

Lumps of bone.

29
Q

What happens to chondrocytes within calcifying matrix?

A

Enlarge and die.

30
Q

The penetration of blood vessels/osteoblasts penetrate inside the bone to produce bone is know as what?

A

Primary Ossification Centre = diaphysis

31
Q

Where does the secondary ossification centre form?

A

Epiphysis

32
Q

The enlargement of the primary ossification centre forms what?

A

Medullary cavity.

33
Q

How does the epiphyseal line form?

A

Fusion of bone when cartilage (growth plate) turns to bone.

34
Q

What are the four requirements for bone growth?

A

Minerals
Vitamins
Hormones
Loading/applied force

35
Q

What is the functions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in bone remodelling?

A

Osteoclasts reabsorb bone

Osteoblast form bone

36
Q

What type of bone cells detect forces in bone?

A

Osteocytes - adaption of loading.

37
Q

How are calcium levels maintained in bone remodelling?

A

Hormones control storage of calcium -> PTH stimulates bone resorption to release calcium -> calcitonin stimulates bones formation to store calcium.

38
Q

New osteons have less minerals and appear darker, where are they more apparent?

A

Periosteal surface.

39
Q

What colour do mineralised osteons appear under a microscope?

A

White.

40
Q

Peak bone mineral density occurs at how many years old?

A

30

41
Q

Women will rapidly loose their bone mineral density after what?

A

Menopause

42
Q

Describe the process of fracture repair?

A
  1. Bleeding, formation of clot.
  2. Formation of external/internal callus.
  3. Osteoblasts break down fragments of bone.
  4. External callus replaced by compact bone.
  5. Internal callus unites broken ends.
  6. Internal swelling causes remodelling.

PSA606 Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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