Integumentary System Flashcards
Which of these is false for epithelial tissue:
- It lines ducts
- It contains layers of cells
- It includes columnar, cuboidal and squamous cells
- It has a blood supply
It has a blood supply.
The correct statement would be that epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply.
State 3 things that skin protects us from.
Pathogens Bacteria Infection Abrasion Chemicals Extreme temperatures UV light Water loss
State the three components that make up the cutaneous membrane.
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
State three accessory structures of the integumentary system.
Hair Hair follicles Arrector pili muscle Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Nail
State three functions of the integumentary system.
Protection Excretion Maintenance of body temperature Production of melanin and keratin Synthesis of vitamin D Sensation
Which layer in the cutaneous membrane is the most superficial layer, consisting of stratified epithelium and no blood supply?
Epidermis.
Which layer in the cutaneous membrane consists of connective tissues, papillary layer and dimples?
Dermis
In the dermis, what other layer can be found?
Reticular layer - fibrous content.
Which layer in the cutaneous membrane contains loose connective tissues, adipose tissues and allows movement of skin?
Hypodermis.
What membrane connects the epidermis and dermis?
Basement membrane.
Put these in order from the most deep part of the skin to the most superficial.
Stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), statum granulosum, surface of skin, stratum basale, stratum corneum.
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
- Surface of skin
What three processes happen at the stratum basale layer of the epidermis?
- Basal keratinocytes divide to form daughter cells.
- Keratinocytes shrink and become dehydrated and are pushed to blood supply.
- Adapt a spinal structure.
What happens to the keratinocytes at the stratum spinosum layer?
Keratinocytes are fully dehydrated and have spinal structures.
What happens at the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis?
Keratin produced.
Cells start apoptosis.
At what specific layer in the epidermis are cells classed as dead?
Stratum granulosum.
Describe what the cells look like at the stratum lucidum?
Clear and flattened.
What cells are found at the stratum corneum?
Dead, flattened keratinocytes which lack organelles.
How are dead cells removed from the surface of our skin?
Cells shed in layers/sheets.
The production of keratin and tissue repair through the epidermis is driven by what?
Epidermal growth factor
Stratum lucidum is found in thick skin on what body parts?
Fingertips, palms, soles
Describe the difference between the presence of hair follicles in thick skin and thin skin.
- Thick skin - absent
2. Thin skin - present
Describe the difference between the presence of sweat glands in thick skin and thin skin.
- Thick skin - more numerous
2. Thin skin - fewer
Melanocytes secrete what pigment?
Melanin.
Melanin pigment is taken up by what cells?
Keratinocytes.
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that arrises from what?
Damage to melanocytes
What colour pigment is carotene?
Yellow.
What colour pigment is melanin
Brown/black.
Blood contributes to what colour skin pigment?
Pink (in some cases blue).
Put these in order from the most deep part of the dermis to the most superficial.
Papillary layer, papillary plexus, reticular layer, cutaneous plexus.
- Papillary layer
- Reticular layer
- Papillary plexus
- Cutaneous plexus
What tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Areolar tissue
What fibres are found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
Collagen
Elastin
What layer in the dermis contains superficial blood vessels?
Papillary plexus.
Where is the deeper layer of blood vessels found in the dermis?
Cutaneous plexus.
The hypodermis is also known as what structure which was presented in the early stages of semester 1?
Superficial Fascia
What tissues are present in the cutaneous membrane?
Adipose
Areolar (loose connective)
Dense irregular connective
What are the three functions of hair?
Protection
Insulation
Sensation
The sebaceous gland secretes what?
Oily substance known as sebum.
What does the arrector pili muscle do in a single hair folicle?
Contracts when a person is cold.
Makes the hair stand up and traps heat.
The root hair plexus is a network of nerve endings responsible for which one of the hair functions?
Sensation
Order these three layers from the most inner structure to the outer.
Cortex, medulla, cuticle.
- Medulla
- Cortex
- Cuticle
Which two components of the structure of hair contain hard keratin?
- Cortex
2. Cuticle
Which component of the structure of hair contains soft keratin?
Medulla
During the first 5 years of the hair growth cycle, what happens to the basale cells?
Basale cells in the hair matrix divide -> daughter cells pushed up towards the surface and become increasingly keratinised.
When a follicle becomes inactive, what connection breaks down?
Connections between hair matrix and root break down.
The secretion of sebum from the sebaceous gland does what to hair?
Makes it oilier and more waterproof.
How much will hair grow on average each month?
10mm
What are the 2 functions of nails?
- Protection
2. Limit distortion
What is the scientific name of the cuticle?
Eponychium
The nail bed consists of layers of what?
Epidermis.
Which sweat glands are heightened during puberty, apocrine or merocrine?
Apocrine.
Which of the sweat glands are found in the hypodermis, merocrine or apocrine?
Apocrine.
State two places where apocrine sweat glands are found.
Armpits
Pubic areas
Which of the two sweat glands are involved with thermoregulation, merocrine or apocrine?
Merocrine
A 1st degree burn affects which part of the cutaneous membrane and produces reddening?
Epidermis
What type of burn involves some dermis damage, meaning blisters and scars can form?
2nd degree.
Which type of burn extends to the hypodermis?
3rd degree.
What type of ageing affects cell activity, hormones and immune sensitivity?
Intrinsic
What type of ageing is impacted by external factors, such as sunshine and smoking?
Extrinsic
