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ANAPHY > Tissue Repair - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Tissue Repair - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

occurs during wound healing, which is the process by which the skin or any injured organ restores itself after an injury.

A

tissue repair

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1
Q

The main objectives of wound healing are to prevent further damage, clean and seal the wound to prevent infection, and restore tissue strength and function if possible.

A

tissue repair

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2
Q

The damaged tissue is replaced by the same type of cells. The new tissue completely restores the damaged area to its normal state.

A

Regeneration

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2
Q

two mechanisms of tissue repair

A

regeneration and fibrosis

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3
Q

The damaged tissue is replaced with dense fibrous connective tissue or scar tissue. This can interfere with or inhibit the normal function and architecture of the underlying organ or tissue. Examples include fibrosis in the lungs, liver, brain, and heart.

A

Fibrosis

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissues, fibrous tissues, bone tissues, blood vessels, and some muscle tissues.

A

Regenerative tissue

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5
Q

Cardiac tissues and nervous tissues in the brain and spinal cord

A

Non-regenerative tissue

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6
Q

two types of severity of injury

A

Shallow wounds, deep wounds

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7
Q

Affect only the epidermis; dermis remains intact.

A

Shallow wound

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8
Q

Damage the dermis. Clean cuts heal more successfully than ragged tears.

A

Deep wounds

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9
Q

prevent further injury

A

inflammation

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9
Q

■ Damaged cells release inflammatory chemicals, increasing capillary permeability
■ White blood cells (WBCs) and clotting proteins seep into the injured area.
■ Platelets migrate to form a fibrin clot, which seals the wound and prevent blood loss
■ Immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) accumulate to remove debris and bacteria
■ Symptoms include swelling,redness, pain, and heat

A

Inflammation

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10
Q

Supply cells and nutrients for remodeling.

A

Granulation tissue forms

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11
Q

Events of tissue repair

A

inflammation, granulation tissue forms, surface epithelium regeneration

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12
Q

■ New blood vessels form around the wound, creating ___________—delicate pink tissue with new capillaries.
■ Connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) produce collagen fibers and extracellular matrix.
■ __________- facilitates wound closure as fibroblasts synthesize collagen.
■ Myofibroblasts pull the wound edges together.

A

Granulation tissue

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13
Q

Regenerate surface epithelium and finalize wound closure.

A

Surface epithelium regenerates

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14
Q

■ ___________, thickens, and makes its way between granulation tissue and the scab.
■ The scab eventually detaches, leaving behind a scar.
■ The fibrous tissue matures to form a scar, which may be visible or invisible depending on the severity of the wound.
■ During remodeling, the new tissue matures to more closely resemble the surrounding mature tissue.

A

Surface epithelium regenerates

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15
Q

What is the regenerative capacity? Skin epidermis, mucous membranes, fibrous connective tissues, blood tissues, bones.

A

High

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16
Q

What is the regenerative capacity? Smooth muscles, tendons, ligaments

A

moderate

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16
Q

What is the regenerative capacity? Skeletal muscles, cartilage.

A

Weak

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17
Q

Repair of superficial wounds or clean surgical incisions approximated by surgical supports. Involves inflammation, granulation, and maturation stages.

A

Primary union (first intention)

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17
Q

What is the regenerative capacity? Cardiac muscles, nervous tissues in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Virtually no

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17
Q

Repair of large wounds, abscesses, ulcerations, or necrosis. Involves both regeneration and scarring, with more intense inflammation, abundant granulation tissue, extracellular matrix accumulation, and large scar formation.

A

Secondary union (second intention)

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18
Q

→ Cause: Fungal infection
→ Symptoms: Itchy, red peeling skin
between the toes

A

Athlete’s foot

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19
Q

→ Cause: Inflammation of hair follicles
→ Symptoms: Painful, swollen bumps

A

Boils (furuncles)

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20
Q

→ Cause: Herpes Simplex Virus 1
→ Symptoms: Fluid-filled blisters
around lips and mouth, itching, and stinging

A

Cold sores (fever blisters)

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20
Q

→ Cause: Clusters of boils, often due to
Staphylococcus aureus
→ Symptoms:Multipleinterconnected boils

A

Carbuncles

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20
Q

→ Cause: Staphylococcus or
Streptococcus bacteria
→ Symptoms: Pink fluid-filled lesions
with yellow crusts, primarily around mouth and nose.

A

Impetigo

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21
Q

→ Cause: Exposure to chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
→ Symptoms: Itching, redness, swelling, possibly blistering

A

Contact dermatitis

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21
Q

→ Autoimmune disorder
→ Rapid skin cell production,
resulting in red lesions covered with dry, silvery scales; triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress

A

Psoriasis

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22
Q

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

A

Burns

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23
Q

Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria

A

Burn

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24
Q

→ Only epidermis is damaged
→ Skin is red and swollen
→ Heals in 2-3 days

A

First-degree burn (superficial burn)

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25
Q

→ Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damage
→ Skin is red, painful, and blistered
→ May result in scarring
→ Regrowth of the epithelium can occur
→ Caused by hot water, flames, chemicals, or electricity.

A

Second-degree burn (partial-thickness burn)

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25
Q

→ Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless
→ Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible
→ Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

A

Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn)

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26
Q

→ Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons)
→ Appears dry and leathery
→ Requires surgery and grafting
→ May require amputation

A

Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn)

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27
Q

Most common types of skin cancer

A

○ Basal cell carcinoma
○ Squamous cell carcinoma
○ Malignant melanoma

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28
Q

→ Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer
→ Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no
longer make keratin
→ Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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29
Q

→ Believed to be induced by UV Exposure
→ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
→ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers
→ Early removal allows a good chance of cure
→ Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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30
Q

The ABCDE of malignant melanoma

A

○ A: Asymmetry
○ B: Border irregularity
○ C: Color variation
○ D: Diameter > 6mm
○ E: Evolution or change in characteristics

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30
Q

Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5 percent of skin cancers
→ Arises from melanocytes
→ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
→ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma

A

Malignant melanoma

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31
Q

Downy hair covering body by 5th or 6th month, disappears by birth

A

Lanugo

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32
Q

Oily substance protecting skin at birth

A

Vernix Caseosa

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32
Q

Small white spots on nose and forehead, are at common at birth and disappear by 3rd week

A

Milia

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33
Q

Due to activated sebaceous glands

A

Acne

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34
Q

Thick, resilient, well-hydrated skin

A

Youth

35
Q

○ Decreased elasticity
○ Drier skin, prone to bruising
○ Formation of bags under eyes
○ Hair thinning and graying
○ Balding (alopecia) and graying due to decreased melanin and hair follicles
○ Accelerated by smoking and sun exposure

A

Aging effects

36
Q

○ Avoid smoking and excessive sun exposure
○ Maintain good nutrition and hydration

A

Protection measure

37
Q

→ Yellowish, reddish brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes.
→ Increased melanin production due to sunlight exposure leads to tanning.
→ Higher melanin levels result in darker
skin, while lower levels lead to lighter skin.

A

Melanin

38
Q

→ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
→ High carotene intake can give the skin a yellow-orange hue.

A

Carotene

39
Q

→ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
→ Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

A

Hemoglobin

40
Q

Reddened skin from embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

A

Redness (erythema)

41
Q

→ Low oxygen levels in the blood cause the lips, fingers and toes look blue
→ Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin can cause a bluish tint in the skin, known as cyanosis.

A

Cyanosis

41
Q

Pale skin due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

A

Pallor (blanching)

42
Q

Yellow skin tone indicates liver disorders with excess bile pigments in the blood.

A

Jaundice (yellow cast)

43
Q

Cutaneous glands are all ____ glands

A

exocrine

44
Q

→ Black and blue marks from blood escaping circulation and clotted in tissues, called hematomas.
→ Frequent bruising may indicate vitamin C deficiency or hemophilia.

A

Bruises (black and blue marks)

45
Q

Caused by blocked sebaceous
glands.

A

Acne

45
Q

→ Located all over the skin except for palms and soles. These glands are most numerous on the face.
→ Produce sebum (oil) which helps lubricate the skin and hair. Makes skin soft and moist
→ Prevents hair from becoming brittle
→ Kills bacteria
→ Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto the skin surface
→ Glands are activated at puberty

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

46
Q

_____ result from oxidized, dried sebum;

A

blackheads

47
Q

→ Produce sweat
→ Widely distributed in skin

A

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

47
Q

_____- are from non-oxidized sebum.

A

whiteheads

48
Q

two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine glands

49
Q

→ Located in the axilla and perineum.
→ Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals
→ Begin to function at puberty
→ Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color), which can develop an odor when bacteria decompose it
→ Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

A

Apocrine glands

50
Q

→ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface
→ Produce acidic sweat
→ Water, salt, vitamin c ,traces of metabolic waste
→ Function in body temperature regulation

A

Eccrine glands

51
Q

Produced by melanin granules deposited by melanocytes.

A

Hair color

52
Q

Heavily keratinized, scale-like modifications of the epidermis

A

Nail

53
Q

The visible, attached portion of the nail.

A

body

54
Q

The tip of the nail that extends beyond the finger or toe.

A

free edge

55
Q

The portion of the nail embedded in the skin.

A

root nail

56
Q

Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail.

A

Nail folds

57
Q

The thick proximal nail fold, also known as the eponychium, that covers the base of the nail.

A

Cuticle

58
Q

The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail, responsible for nail growth.

A

Nail bed

59
Q

The thick, proximal area beneath the cuticle where nail growth occurs.

A

Nail matrix

60
Q

Can be cutaneous (skin), mucous, or serous membranes.

A

Epithelial membranes

60
Q

Example includes the synovial membrane.

A

Connective tissue membranes

61
Q

→ Are considered as simple organs
→ Also called covering or lining membranes

A

Epithelial membranes

62
Q

→ A dry membrane
→ Covers the body surface
→ Outer most protective boundary

A

Cutaneous membrane

63
Q

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Epidermis

64
Q

A protein in the epidermis that makes skin water-resistant.

A

Keratin

65
Q

Includes dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Dense connective tissue

65
Q

Primarily dense fibrous connective tissue.

A

Dermis

66
Q

→ Moist membranes
→ Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface

A

Mucous membrane

66
Q

Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body

A

Serous membrane

66
Q

→ Loose areolar connective tissue only
(no epithelial tissue)
→ Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints

A

Synovial membrane

67
Q

Lubricates joints and reduces friction during movement.

A

Synovial fluid

68
Q

4 roles of the integumentary

A

protection, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin d production

69
Q

→ The outer most layer of the skin, composed of epithelial cells.
→ Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Epidermis

70
Q

Deepest layer of epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

71
Q

Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized. Provides strength and flexibility to the skin

A

Stratum spinosum

72
Q

Cells start to die and form a granular layer.

A

Stratum granulosum

72
Q

Found only in hairless skin areas like the palms and soles.

A

Stratum Lucidum

73
Q

Outer most layer of epidermis with shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin. Provides a protective barrier and prevents water loss

A

Stratum corneum

74
Q

○ Pigment produced by melanocytes, which gives skin its color (ranging from yellow to brown to black).
○ Located primarily in the stratum basale.
○ Accumulates in melanosomes

A

Melanin

75
Q

○ Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion)
○ Found in the stratum spinosum.

A

Epidermal dendric cells (Langerhans cells)

75
Q

○ Associated with sensory nerve endings and function as touch receptors
○ Located in the stratum basale.

A

Merkel cells

76
Q

→ Located below the epidermis, this layer consists of irregular connective tissue. It supports and nourishes the epidermis.

A

Dermis

76
Q

Two regions of dermis

A

Papillary layer (areolar), and reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

77
Q

→ Blood vessels, sweat and oil glands
→ Deeper layer of the dermis.
→ Composed of dense connective tissue.
→ Houses deeper pressure receptors like Lamellar corpuscles.
→ Contains structures such as sweat and oil glands.

A

Reticular layer

78
Q

→ Upper dermal region; Indent the epidermis above
→ Contains loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
→ Forms dermal papillae, which create fingerprints

A

Papillary layer

79
Q

Found in the dermis; help regulate body temperature through sweating. May appear as round structures in cross-sections of the skin.

A

Sweat glands

80
Q

Provides strength and structure to the skin.

A

Collagen

81
Q

Allows the skin to return to its original shape after stretching.

A

Elastin

82
Q

Engulf and destroy pathogens.

A

Phagocytes

83
Q

Supply nutrients to the skin and help regulate body temperature.

A

Blood vessels

84
Q

are sensitive to rapid changes in pressure or vibration. Detects deep pressure and vibrations (located in the reticular layer).

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

84
Q

Detect light touch and low-frequency vibrations (located in the papillary layer).

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

85
Q

Response to sustained pressure and perceives shapes and edges (located in the stratum basale).

A

Merkel discs

85
Q

Respond to sustained pressure and stretching of the skin (located in the reticular layer).

A

Ruffini Corpuscles

86
Q

Detect pain and temperature (distributed throughout the dermis).

A

Free nerve endings

87
Q

→ Also known as the subcutaneous tissue, it is located below the dermis.
→ Composed of adipose (fat) tissue.

A

Hypodermis

88
Q

Mechanical stimuli as the input to our sense of touch or tactile sensations.

A

Sensory input

89
Q

Mechanoreceptors detect and respond to mechanical stimuli.

A

Process

90
Q
A

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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