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ANAPHY > Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
These control everything you do, feel, and think.

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

Divided into two cerebral hemispheres (left and right), the largest part of the brain.

A

Cerebral hemisphere

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3
Q

Located above the brainstem, contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A

Diencephalon

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4
Q

Connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions.

A

Brain stem

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5
Q

Coordinates balance, muscle tone,
and voluntary movements.

A

Cerebellum

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6
Q

4 main parts of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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6
Q

Ridges of the brain

A

Gyrus (Plural: Gyri)

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7
Q

Grooves of the brain

A

Sulci

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8
Q

Deep grooves of the brain

A

Fissures

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9
Q

The outermost layer of gray matter
making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Superficial gray matter.

A

Cortex

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11
Q

Deep in the cortex, consisting of myelinated axons.

A

White matter

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11
Q

Pockets of gray matter within the white matter that regulate voluntary motor activities by altering primary motor cortex instructions.

A

Basal nuclei

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12
Q

Where are motor areas located?

A

Frontal lobe

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13
Q

→ Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
→ Sends signals to muscles to initiate movement.

A

Motor areas

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14
Q

→ Found in the left frontal lobe (typically).
→ Responsible for the production of
speech (language output).
→ Damage can result in Broca’s aphasia, affecting speech production but not comprehension.

A

Broca’s area

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15
Q

○ Primary Somatosensory Area
→ Located in the Parietal Lobe, specifically in the postcentral gyrus.
→ Processes sensory information from the body (touch, pain, temperature,
etc.).
→ Receives signals from sensory receptors in the skin and muscles.

A

Sensory areas

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15
Q

Where are sensory areas located?

A

Parietal lobe

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16
Q

→ Located in the left temporal lobe (typically).
→ Responsible for understanding speech (language comprehension).
→ Damage can result in Wernicke’s aphasia, affecting comprehension but not speech production.

A

Wernicke’s area

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17
Q

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage

A

Aphasia

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18
Q

More neurons are dedicated to areas with finer motor control, like the hands and face.

A

Motor map

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19
Q

Neurons are mapped to areas with higher sensory sensitivity, such as the hands and lips.

A

Sensory map

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20
Q

→ Islands” of gray matter buried deep
within the white matter of the
cerebrum
→ Regulate voluntary motor activities
by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex

A

Basal nuclei

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21
Q

→ Sits on top of the brain stem
→ Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

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22
Q

3 structures of diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

23
Q

→ Encloses the third ventricle
→ Functions as a relay station for
sensory impulses, directing them to the appropriate cortex areas for localization and interpretation.

A

Thalamus

24
Q

→ Important autonomic nervous
system center
■ Regulates body temperature ■ Regulates water balance
■ Regulates metabolism
→ Houses the limbic center for emotions
→ Controls the pituitary gland, a crucial endocrine gland, through the infundibular stalk, affecting hormone release.
→ Houses mammillary bodies

A

Hypothalamus

24
Q

→ Forms the roof of the third ventricle
→ Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
→ Includes the choroid plexus which
forms cerebrospinal fluid for brain and spinal cord protection.

A

Epithalamus

25
Q

Responsible for olfaction and associating those things to past experiences and emotional responses.

A

Mammillary bodies

26
Q

Attaches to the spinal cord

A

brain stem

27
Q

Parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

28
Q

Regulates the general body movements.

A

Substantia nigra

28
Q

→ Smallest portion of the brain stem.
→ Dorsally located to that area are the
four colliculi/corpora quadrigemina
(hearing and balance)
→ Auditory and visual reflex center
→ Anteriorly located will be the cerebral
peduncles (little feet) for impulse
transmission
→ With a black mass known as
substantia nigra which regulates the general body movements.

A

Midbrain

29
Q

“Bridge” because it connects the
cerebellum and cerebrum. It is located above the medulla and regulates breathing, chewing, swallowing, salivation and balance.

A

Pons

30
Q

Prominent enlargements anterior to the medulla. It is involved in the voluntary control of the skeletal muscles

A

Pyramids

31
Q

→ The most inferior part of the brain stem that merges into the spinal cord
→ Contains important centers that control:
■ Heart rate
■ Blood pressure
■ Breathing
■ Swallowing
■ Vomiting

A

Medulla oblongata

31
Q

→ Diffuse mass of gray matter along
the brain stem
→ Responsible for cyclical motor
functions (walking, chewing) and
control over the internal organs.
→ It forms the Reticular activating
system (RAS)

A

Reticular formation

32
Q

■ Plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
■ Filter for incoming sensory information

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

33
Q

→ Structure: A cauliflower-like mass with gyri (elevations) and sulci (grooves).
→ Function: Responsible for balance, muscle tone, coordinated movement, and learning motor skills (e.g., playing an instrument).

A

Cerebellum

34
Q

Alcohol affects the cerebellum, impairing motor coordination. Damage to the cerebellum results in _____, causing clumsy, drunken-like movements.

A

Ataxia

34
Q

The CNS is protected by

A

Meninges, CSF, Blood-brain barrier

35
Q

This is a selective semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the interstitium of the brain, allowing cerebral blood vessels to regulate molecule and ion movement between the blood and the brain.

A

Blood brain barrier

36
Q

Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meninges

37
Q

→ Outermost leathery layer
→ Double-layered external covering

A

Dura matter

38
Q

attached to inner surface of the skull

A

Periosteum

39
Q

Outer covering of the brain

A

Meningeal layer

40
Q

→ Middle layer
→ Weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the pia mater
→ Subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

Arachnoid layer

41
Q

→ Internal layer
→ Clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

42
Q

→ Similar to blood plasma in composition
→ forms a watery cushion to protect the brain and spinal cord
→ It circulates in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord. It is produced by the choroid plexus and absorbed into the venous blood via arachnoid granulations

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

43
Q

CSF is produced by

A

Choroid plexus

43
Q

Structure: Extends from the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebra. It consists of a central gray matter (shaped like a butterfly) and peripheral white matter.

A

Spinal cord

44
Q

collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end

A

Cauda equina

45
Q

how many spinal nerves arise form the spinal chord?

A

31 pairs

46
Q

Contain sensory and association
neurons entering via the dorsal root.

A

Dorsal/posterior horns

47
Q

→ Two anterior projections with cell bodies of motor and association neurons that leave the ventral root.
→ Together, the dorsal and ventral root,
will form the spinal nerves
→ Damaged to the ventral root will
result to flaccid paralysis, the impulses cannot go to the effectors because it cannot go out of the spinal cord

A

Ventral/Anterior horns

48
Q

Contains myelinated fiber tracts

A

White matter

49
Q

White matter is divided into two columns/funiculi:

A

Posterior column and lateral and anterior column

50
Q

Carries ascending sensory tracts
(afferent) to the brain.

A

Posterior column

51
Q

Contain both ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts carrying impulses to and from the brain.

A

Lateral and anterior columns

52
Q
A

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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