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ANAPHY > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

➔ 2nd control system of the body (Nervous System is 1st)
➔ Uses chemical messengers (hormones) released in bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Fast-control system
Organized structure

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Slow-control system
No structure

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

are chemical messengers that regulate bodily functions by acting on specific target cells or organs.

A

Hormones

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5
Q

A given hormone affects only specific tissues or organs, known as

A

target cells or target organs.

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6
Q

Hormones play a key role in reproductive health, and imbalances can cause issues like infertility.

A

reproduction

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7
Q

Influences increase in height, size, and volume.

A

Growth

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8
Q

Specialization of body parts, such as breast

A

Development

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9
Q

Hormones help activate the body’s defense mechanisms.

A

Body defense mobilization

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10
Q

Hormones maintain balance in water levels, body temperature, and metabolic processes.

A

Regulation of metabolism

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11
Q

Proteins, Peptides, and Amines

A

Amino-acid based protein

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12
Q

Cholesterol-derived

A

Steroid

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13
Q

Derived form highly active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

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14
Q

Hormones can initiate by reversing charges in the plasma membrane.

A

action potentials

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15
Q

Irregular menstruation, abnormal hair growth in women, mood swings, and temperature regulation issues.

A

Physical symptoms of hormonal imbalance

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16
Q

Hormonal issues can affect both mental and physical health, causing issues with body temperature, mood, and overall function.

A

Health impact of hormonal imbalance

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17
Q

→ Used by steroid hormones and
thyroid hormones
→ KeyPoint: Direct gene activation
does not require receptor proteins on the cell membrane; the hormone directly initiates protein synthesis inside the cell.

A

Direct Gene Activation

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18
Q

Steps of direct gene activation

A

Diffusion, nuclear entry, binding, gene activation, transcription, protein synthesis

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19
Q

→ Used by protein and peptide hormones
→ Key Point: The second messenger
system requires receptor proteins and involves a more complex, multi-step process compared to direct gene-activation

A

Second messenger system

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20
Q

steps of second messenger system

A

Binding, receptor activation, second messenger production, intracellular changes

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20
Q

→ Hormone levels are primarily controlled by the negative feedback mechanism, which helps maintain homeostasis within the body.
→ It occurs when a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

When calcium levels are low, the endocrine system signals to release hormones that increase calcium levels in the bloodstream.

A

Calcium regulation (negative feedback)

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22
Q

High Blood Sugar: After consuming a large amount of carbohydrates, blood sugar levels rise, potentially harming tissues and organs. The body responds by storing excess sugar in the liver.

Restoration of Balance: If blood sugar levels later drop, the body releases stored sugar to restore normal levels.

A

Blood sugar regulation (negative feedback)

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23
Q

→ Most common category of stimulus
→ Endocrine organs are activated by other hormones
1. The hypothalamus stimulates
the anterior pituitary to release hormones like thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which activates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

A

Hormonal stimuli

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24
Q

→ It is triggered by changing blood
levels of specific ions and nutrients,
stimulating hormone release.
1. When blood calcium levels drop, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels.
2. Conversely, when blood calcium levels are high, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, which lowers calcium levels.

A

Humoral stimuli

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25
Q

→ It involves hormone release stimulated directly by nerve fibers, primarily controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
→ Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system
★ In response to a stressful situation (e.g., danger), the brain activates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline, preparing the body for a “fight or flight” response.

A

Neural stimuli

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26
Q

→ It produces and inhibiting hormones
→ Produces hormones that control the pituitary gland, including:
○ Oxytocin: Induces uterine
contractions and milk ejection.
○ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Regulates water balance by
reducing urine production.

A

Hypothalamus

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27
Q

○ Proteins (or peptides)
○ Act through
second-messenger system
○ Regulated by hormonal stimuli
○ Mostly negative feedback regulation

A

Hormones of the hypothalamus

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28
Q

→ AKA Somatotropin
→ General metabolic hormone
→ Promotes skeletal muscle and bone growth, determines body size, converts amino acids into proteins, and causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
→ Active until age 18 for females, and up to age 21 for males.
→ Dietary Recommendations: For optimal muscle development, a diet rich in protein (e.g., meat, soy, tofu) is encouraged.

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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28
Q

→ Glandular Tissue
→ Two hormones affect non endocrine targets:
○ Growth Hormone
○ Prolactine
→ Four are tropic hormones:
○ Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
○ Luteinizing hormone
○ Thyrotropic hormone
○ Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Anterior pituitary

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29
Q

Caused by low levels of growth hormone, leading to impaired growth and development

A

Dwarfism

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30
Q

→ Stimulates and maintain milk production in the mammary glands following childbirth
→ Unknown function in males
→ Levels increase significantly following childbirth, which can lead to lactation issues.

A

Prolactine

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31
Q

→ Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
→ Important for egg maturation in females.
→ Stimulates sperm development in
testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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32
Q

→ Promotes ovulation and the production of sex hormones
→ In females, it triggers ovulation; it stimulates testosterone production in the testes.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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33
Q

→ AKA thyroid-stimulating hormone
→ Influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
→ Stimulate the thyroid gland to
produce thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and calcium levels in the body

A

Thyrotropic hormone (TH)

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34
Q

→ Regulate endocrine activity of the
adrenal cortex
→ ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release different hormones, including glucocorticoids (like cortisol), which are essential for stress response, metabolism, and immune response regulation.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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35
Q

→ Nervous tissue
→ Does not make the hormones it releases
→ Stores hormones made by the thalamus
→ Two hormones released: Oxytocin and ADH

A

Posterior pituitary

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36
Q

Aids in contraction during labor and milk release.

A

Oxytocin

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37
Q

Inhibits urine production, promoting water retention, affecting kidney tubules; Urine ↑; BP ↓.

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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38
Q

Hangs from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain. Produces melatonin.

A

Pineal gland

39
Q

Regulates the sleep-wake cycle, with higher levels at night to promote sleep

A

Melatonin

40
Q

Peak time for melatonin

A

10PM - 2AM (Golden hours)

41
Q

Found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adam’s apple. Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus. Follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material. Produces two hormones: Thyroid hormone and calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

42
Q

Major metabolic hormone. Controls rate of glucose oxidation to supply body heat and chemical energy Needed for tissue growth and development Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone

43
Q

Secreted by thyroid follicles.

A

Thyroxine (T4)

44
Q

Formed from T4 at target tissues.

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

45
Q

Lowers blood calcium levels by
stimulating osteoblasts to create bone, reducing calcium in the bloodstream (hypoglycemic effect). Produced by parafollicular cells located between the follicles.

A

Calcitonin

46
Q

Build bones.

A

Osteoblast

47
Q

Break down bones

A

Osteoclast

48
Q

Maintain bones

A

Osteocyte

49
Q

When you have low blood pressure, ______ prompts kidney to retain sodium and water, increasing blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

50
Q

During high blood pressure, ____ from the heart inhibits aldosterone, reducing sodium and water retention

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

51
Q

→ Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
→ Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
→ Most important regulator of Ca2+
→ Bone Impact: Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the blood (hypercalcemic effect).
→ Additional Actions: Promotes calcium absorption from the kidneys and intestines to maintain adequate blood calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid glands

52
Q

→ Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum
→ Largest in infants and children
→ Decreases in size throughout adulthood
→ Produces thymos in hormone
★ Matures some types of WBCs
★ Important in developing the immune system

A

Thymus

53
Q

→ Outer glandular
→ Region has three layers:
★ Mineralocorticoids
★ Glucocorticoids
★ Sex Hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

54
Q

→ Inner neural
→ Tissue regions
→ Produces two similar hormones
(catecholamines)
★ Epinephrine (adrenaline)
★ Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
→ Hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (fight-or-flight) by:
★ Increasing heart rate, BP, and blood sugar levels
★ Dilating small passageways of lungs

A

Adrenal medulla

55
Q

→ Mainly aldosterone
→ Produces in outer adrenal cortex → Regulate mineral (salt) contentin
blood (Na+ and K+)
→ Regulate water and electrolyte balance
→ Target organ is the kidney

A

Mineralocorticoids

56
Q

→ Function: Regulates blood minerals, impacting water balance and blood pressure.
→ Target: Kidneys, to increase sodium and water reabsorption.
→ Regulation: Triggered by low BP via renin-angiotensin mechanism; inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart.

A

Mineralocorticoids

57
Q

→ Function: Controls long-term stress by increasing blood glucose and providing an anti-inflammatory effect.
→ Trigger: ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

A

Glucocorticoids

58
Q

→ Most of the hormones produced are androgens (male hormones), HO but some estrogens female hormones) are also formed
→ Function: Small levels of androgens and estrogens are produced continuously.
★ Androgens ★ Estrogens

A

Sex hormones

59
Q

→ Function: Short-term stress response (fight-or-flight), increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose.
→ Effects: Enhances alertness and
physical readiness.

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

60
Q
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Increased blood pressure
  3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose
    and releases glucose to blood
  4. Dilation of bronchioles
  5. Changes in blood flow patterns,
    leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
A

Short-term stress response

61
Q
  1. Retention of Sodium and water by kidneys
  2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure
  3. Protein and fast converted to glucose or broken down for energy
  4. Increased blood sugar
  5. Suppression of immune system
A

Long-term stress

62
Q

→ Located in the abdomen, close to stomach
→ Mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Pancreas

63
Q

Produces digestive enzymes.

A

Exocrine function

64
Q

Regulates blood sugar levels by producing hormones

A

Endocrine funciton

65
Q

→ Islets of Langerhans
→ Clusters of cells within the pancreas responsible for hormone production

A

Pancreatic Islets

66
Q

→ Produced by: Beta Cells in the Islets of Langerhans
→ When Released: When blood sugar levels are high (e.g., after eating
carbohydrates).
→ Function: Lowers blood sugar by
increasing glucose uptake and metabolism in body tissues.
→ Effect: Hypoglycemic–reduces
blood glucose levels and promotes glycogen storage in the liver for later use.

A

Insulin

67
Q

→ Antagonists hormones that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
→ Produced By: Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans.
→ When Released: When blood sugar levels are low (e.g., after fasting or prolonged physical activity).
→ Function: Raises blood sugar by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose.
→ Effect: Hyperglycemic – increases blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis.

A

Glucagon

68
Q

Reproductive glands that produces sex cells and sex hormones

A

Gonads

69
Q

Male gonad

A

Testes

70
Q

Female gonad

A

ovaries

71
Q

→ Location: Suspended outside the
pelvic cavity within the scrotum.
→ Function: Produces sperm cells and androgens, primarily testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
→ Hormone: Testosterone

A

testes

72
Q

→ Location: Pelvic cavity.
→ Function: Produces eggs (ova) and
two main steroid hormones—estrogen and progesterone.
→ Hormones: Estrogen and Progesterone

A

Ovaries

72
Q

→ Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics, such as increased muscle mass, body hair, and deepening of the voice.
→ Promotes growth and maturation of the male reproductive system.
→ Essentialforspermatogenesis (sperm production) and spermiogenesis (maturation of sperm cells).

A

Testosterone

73
Q

→ Stimulate the development of
secondary female characteristics,
such as wider hips
→ Mature the female reproductive
→ organs.
→ With Progesterone:
○ Promote breast development
○ Regulate menstrual cycle

A

Estrogen

74
Q

→ Acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle
→ Prepares the uterine lining (endometrium) for potential
pregnancy.
→ Helps prepare breasts for lactation

A

Progesterone

75
Q

→ Stimulates ovarian follicle
development, thickening follicle layers around the egg, and leading to
the formation of a mature follicle (Graafian follicle)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

76
Q

Triggers ovulation, the release of the
mature egg from the follicle, allowing it to be ready for fertilization.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

77
Q

After ovulation, the Graafian follicle
transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy.

A

Corpus luteum formation

78
Q

■ Progesterone: Continues to
support the pregnancy by
thickening the endometrium.
■ Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): Produced by the placenta around the 8th week; maintains the corpus luteum, ensuring ongoing progesterone production. (Detected by pregnancy tests.)

A

If fertilization occurs

79
Q

■ Progesterone Levels Drop: The
corpus luteum deteriorates,
lowering progesterone levels.
■ Menstruation: Without
sufficient progesterone, the endometrial lining collapses and sheds, marking day 1 of the new menstrual cycle.

A

If no fertilization occurs

80
Q

Produced by the placenta around the 8th week; maintains the corpus luteum, ensuring ongoing progesterone production. (Detected by pregnancy tests.)

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

81
Q

→ Produces hormones that maintain pregnancy
→ Some hormones play a part in delivery

A

Placenta

82
Q

Helps sustain pregnancy by preventing endometrial collapse and embryo loss.

A

ACDLE

83
Q

Produced to support pregnancy maintenance.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

84
Q

Prepares breasts for lactation.

A

HPL (Human placental lactogen)

85
Q

Relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic
symphysis for easier childbirth; this hormone is responsible for pregnancy-related pelvic discomfort.

A

Relaxin

86
Q

→ Chemical Composition: Derived from fatty acids.
→ Source: Plasma membranes of most body cells.
→ Stimulus: Local irritation, hormones, etc.
→ Target/Effects: Act locally, causing
vasoconstriction, uterine muscle stimulation (menstrual pain/labor), inflammation, pain, blood pressure increase, digestive secretion enhancement, and fever.

A

Prostaglandine (PGs)

87
Q

→ Chemical composition: Peptide.
→ Source: Duodenum (small intestine).
→ Stimulus: Food, especially fats.
→ Target/effects: Stimulates gastric glands and stomach motility.

A

Intestinal Gastrin

88
Q

→ Chemical composition: Peptide.
→ Source: Duodenum
→ Stimulus: Food.
→ Target/effects:
Pancreas: Releases bicarbonate-rich juice
Liver: Reduces secretion and motility

A

Secretin

89
Q

→ Chemical composition: Peptide.
→ Source: Duodenum
→ Stimulus: Food.
→ Target/effects:
Pancreas: Releases enzyme-rich juice
Gallbladder: Expels stored bile

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

90
Q

→ Chemical composition: Glycoprotein.
→ Source: Kidneys
→ Stimulus: Hypoxia (low oxygen).
→ Target/effects: Bone marrow stimulation for red blood cell production

A

Erythropoietin

91
Q

→ Chemical composition: Steroid.
→ Source: Kidneys (activated from epidermal provitamin D).
→ Stimulus: Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
→ Target/effects: Intestine— enhances dietary calcium absorption

A

Active Vitamin D3

91
Q

→ Chemical composition: Peptide.
→ Source: Heart
→ Stimulus: Atrial stretching.
→ Target/effects:
Kidneys: Inhibits sodium reabsorption and renin release.
Adrenal Cortex: Reduces aldosterone, lowering blood volume and pressure.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

91
Q

→ Chemical composition: Peptide.
→ Source: Adipose tissue
→ Stimulus: Fatty foods.
→ Target/effects: Brain— suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure

A

Leptin

92
Q

→ Chemical composition: Peptide.
→ Source: Adipose tissue
→ Stimulus: Unknown.
→ Target/effects: Antagonizes insulin action in fat, muscle and liver

A

Resitin

93
Q
A

ANAPHY (9 decks)

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