Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
Ana meaning
parts
Tomy meaning
to cut
physio meaning
Nature
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
anatomy
Large structures that are easily observable of our naked eye
Gross anatomy
➔ Parts and processes happening within the organ + its function
➔ Study how the body and its parts work or function
physiology
Processes inside the cell
cellular physiology
Small structures that can be only viewed through the use of a microscope
Micro anatomy
Function of organs and organ system
systemic physiology
Atoms combine to form molecules
chemical level
Cells are made up of molecules
cellular level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Tissue level
Organ made up of different types of tissues
Organ level
These are made up of different organs working closely together. These organs share a common purpose.
Organ system level
Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Organismal level
Components: Hair, skin, fingernails
integumentary system
Provides protection; acts as the body’s external covering. It’s dry to protect us, aids in thermoregulation through perspiration, and contains sensory receptors for touch.
skin
Offer protection, both made of keratin.
hair and fingernails
Cartilages, Joint, and bones
skeletal system
How many bones does the human body have
206 = 80 axial + 126 appendicular
○ Components: Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous system
Components: Skeletal Muscles
Contracts for movement.
Assists blood flow in veins and vessels.
Generates heat.
Muscular system
Brain and spinal cord
CNS
Nerves
PNS
Components: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis (male), and ovary (female)
○ Controls body functions through hormone secretion.
○ Regulates other structures by producing hormones.
○ Manages bodily activities slowly, especially during fight-or-flight responses.
○ Glands are not anatomically attached.
Endocrine system
○ Components: Heart and Blood Vessels
○ Pumps blood throughout the body.
○ The heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and distributes it.
○ Facilitates the exchange of biomolecules and byproducts.
Cardiovascular system
○ Components:Lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
○ Protects through lymphoid organs.
○ Returns leaked tissues to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels.
○ Cleanses blood and houses white blood cells.
○ Uses muscle contraction
for lymph flow.
○ Macrophages in lymphatic
organs target invaders.
Lymphatic system
○ Components: Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs
○ Facilitates respiration (inhalation and exhalation).
Respiratory system
○ Male Components: Seminal vesicles, Penis, prostate gland, testis, Scrotum
○ Female Components: Mammary glands (in the breast), uterine tube,
Reproductive system
○ Components: Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, and Rectum
○ Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and reabsorbs water
○ Delivers nutrients to the bloodstream for body-wide distribution.
Digestive systems
○ Components: Kidney, Ureter, urinary Bladder, and Urethra
○ Eliminates waste through urine
○ Maintains pH, water and electrolyte balance, and normal blood pressure.
○ Excretes nitrogenous wastes and regulates acid-base balance.
Urinary system
Functional interrelationships between
parts
Organizational
Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism
→ Ability to acquire and use energy in
support of these changes
Metabolism
→ Can increase in size
→ Size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
Growth
→ Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
→ Includes both internal and external environments
Responsiveness
→ Required for chemical reactions
→ Made available by the cooperation of
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Oxygen
→ Formation of new cells
→ Procreation and perpetuate life
→ Occurs on the cellular (cell division)
and organismal level
Reproduction
→ Changes in form and size
→ Changes in cell structure and
function from generalized to specialized - differentiation
Development
Chemical used for energy and cell
building include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Nutrients
→ 60 to 80 percent of body weight
→ Most abundant chemical in the human body
→ Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions
Water
what is the normal body temperature
37C or 98.6F
Must be appropriate for gas exchange
atmospheric pressure
