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Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

Fibrosis

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2
Q

Hallmark of healing

A

Granulation tissue

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3
Q

What type of proliferative capacity?

  1. Cardiac myocytes
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Skeletal muscle
  4. Surface epithelia
  5. Liver and kidney
A
  1. Permanent
  2. Stable
  3. Permanent
  4. Labile
  5. Labile
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4
Q

Type of stem cell that has capacity to generate all cell lineage

A

Pluripotent stem cell

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5
Q

Type of stem cells that generate 3 germ layers and can be genetically manipulated

A

iPS

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6
Q

4 components of Repair

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
  3. Deposition of ECM
  4. Remodelling
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7
Q

Process where cell differentiates from one type to another

A

Transdifferentiation

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8
Q

Capacity to transdifferentiate into multiple lineage is called…

A

Developmental plasticity

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9
Q

Junction between hepatocytes and biliary system where liver stem cells reside…

A

Canals of Hering

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10
Q

Bipotent progenitors found in liver

A

Oval cells

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11
Q

Neural stem cells are found in what part of the brain…

A

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus and subventricular zone

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12
Q

Skin stem cells occur where?

A

Hair follicle bulge

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13
Q

True or False: Bulge stem cells replenish epidermis after wounding and participate in normal epidermal homeostasis.

A

False. Do not participate

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14
Q

Epidermal interfollicular region generate differentiated epidermis with a turnover of 3 weeks. True or False

A

False. 4 weeks

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15
Q

Differentiated epithelium derived from multiple crypts

A

Intestinal villus epithelium

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16
Q

Regeneration of skeletam muscle is accomplished by what…

A

Proliferation of satellite cells ( stem cell pool in adult muscle)

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17
Q

Stem cells that maintain the outermost layers of corneal epithelium

A

Limbal stem cells

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18
Q

Tumor suppresor gene that is activated in in response to DNa damage

A

p53

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19
Q

Growth factor that is mitogenic for fibroblasts

A

EGF

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20
Q

Tumor suppresor gene that is activated in in response to DNa damage

A

p53

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21
Q

Growth factor that is mitogenic for fibroblasts

A

EGF

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22
Q

Receptor that is overexpressed in subset of breast cancer

A

ERB B2 receptor or HER-2 or Ner2/Neu

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23
Q

GF that has mitogenic effects on most epitelial cells and promotes embyonic development

A

HGF ( also increases motility and keratinocyte proliferation)

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24
Q

GF that promotes blood vessel formation

A

VEGF
Early development (vasculogenesis)
New blood vessel growth in adult (angiogenesis)

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25
Main receptor for vasculogenesis/angiogenesis
VEGFR-2 expressed by ECs
26
VEGF-C and -D bind to what receptor and what function?
VEGFR-3, induce lymphatic endothelial proliferation (lymphagiogenesis)
27
Action of Basic FGF
Ability to induce all steps necessary for angiogenesis
28
Types of kinase activity 1. EGF? 2. TGF-B.
1. Tyrosine kinase | 2. Serine-threonine kinase
29
TGF-B is a growth inhibitor and has a potent proinflammatory effects. True or False
False, anti-inflammatory
30
Type of receptor that contain seven transmembrane spans..
G protein-coupled receptors(include chemokine receptors and receptor for Epi and glucagon)
31
Type of receptors that their ligand is lipophilic and directly diffuse thru plasma membrane
Steroid hormone receptors (typically intranuclear transcription factors)
32
End result of most signal transduction?
Altered gene transcription( driven by changes in transcription factor activity)
33
Inadequacy of true regeneration in mammals is ascribed to what?
Rapid proliferative response and scar formation after wounding
34
Regeneration of partial hepatectomy is thru what adaptation?
Compensatory hyperplasia( replication of MATURE CELL; No stem cells involved) triggered by HGF and IL-6
35
Growth of remaining kidney after unilateral involves what adaptation?
Nephron hypertrophy and limited tubular epithelial replication
36
Function of fibrous structural proteins and examples
Provide tensile strength and recoil | Ex: collagen and elastin
37
Function of adhesive glycoproteins
Connect ECM elements to each other and to cells
38
Function of proteoglycans and hyaluronan
Provide resilience and lubrication
39
Collagen has what kind of pattern or sequence
Triple helix braid of 3 polypeptide chains | Gly-X-Y
40
In collagen, Gly-X-Y pattern. X and Y can be any amino acids except?
Cysteine or tryptophan
41
What are the fibrillar collagens?
Type I, II, III, V and XI
42
Collagen of skin and bone
Type I
43
Collagen of Cartilage
Type II
44
Major collagen of basement membrane
Type IV; interrupted triple helices and forms sheets instead fibrils
45
Collagen that forms anchoring fibrils bt. epithelium and forms underlying mesenchymal support structures
Type VII
46
Inherited defects in fibrillin
Marfan syndrome
47
Most abundant glycoprotein in BM
Laminin
48
Type of adhesive glycoproteins thzt calcium dependent interaction
Cadherins
49
Cell-cell interaction mediated thru cadherins and catenins play a major role in what?
Cell motility and transdifferention; also account for contact inhibition of cell proliferation
50
Adhesion molecule that contributed to tissue remodeling and angiogenesis inhibitor
SPARC (Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) also known as osteonectin
51
Adhesive proteins that regulates calcification and leukocyte migration
Osteopontin
52
Multimeric proteins involved in morphogenesis and cell adhesion
Tenacins
53
ECM component that has a major role in regulating connective tissue structure, permeability and growth factor activity
Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan
54
Outcome of healing is affected by:
1. Proliferative capacity of damaged tissue 2. Integrity of ECM 3. Chronicity of inflammation
55
Excess ECM deposition is called...
Fibrosis
56
Angiogenesis is also know as...
Neovascularization
57
Common precursor of HSC and angioblasts
Hemangioblasts
58
Most important factor in angiogenesis
VEGF
59
Most important fibrinogenic agent
TGF-B
60
Major source of different factors in healing wounds
Macrophage
61
Two weeks after injury, dominant feature in scar formation is....
Collagen deposition and regression of vasculature
62
Matrix metalloproteinaise are secreted as proenzymes and need what metals for their activity?
Zinc
63
Action of MMP
Degrade ECM
64
MMP is inhibited by?
TGF-B
65
Wound strength: how long? 1. If 10%? 2. If 70-80%
1. One week | 2. 3 months
66
Excessive granulation tissue tha protrude above the surrounding skin and block re-epithelization is known as...
Proud flesh
67
Extensive depositon of collagen that occurs in lungs, liver, kidney and other organs.
Fibrosis
68
If fiboris develops in a tissue space occupied by inflammatory exudate, it is called ________
Organization
69
Examples of stable tissues/cells
Liver, kidney, pancreas, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
70
Extensive depositon of collagen that occurs in lungs, liver, kidney and other organs.
Fibrosis
71
If fiboris develops in a tissue space occupied by inflammatory exudate, it is called ________
Organization
72
Examples of stable tissues/cells
Liver, kidney, pancreas, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
73
Most important sources of growth factors during tissue injury and repair
Macrophage
74
Most important stem cells for regeneration after injury
Tissue stem cells
75
During angiogenesis, main GF that stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells?
FGF-2
76
Action of PDGF and TGF-B during angiogenesis
PDGF: recruits smooth muscle cells | TGF-B: suppresses endothelial proliferation and migration and enhances production of ECM proteins
77
Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of CT
TGF-B
78
Regulation of TGF-B level is by what?
By posttranscriptional activation
79
Major source of collagen in lung and kidney
Myofibroblasts
80
Major collagen producers in liver cirrhosis
Stellate cells
81
Dehiscence occurs most frequently after ________ and is due to what?
After abdominal surgery; due to increase abdominal pressure
82
Accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen give rise to a raised sca known as?
Hypertrophic scar
83
If the scar tissue grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress, it is called as?
Keloid
84
Hypetrophic scars generally develop after what?
After thermal or traumatic injury( involves deep layers of the dermis)

General Pathology (8 decks)

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