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General Pathology > Tissue Repair > Flashcards

Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

Fibrosis

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2
Q

Hallmark of healing

A

Granulation tissue

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3
Q

What type of proliferative capacity?

  1. Cardiac myocytes
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Skeletal muscle
  4. Surface epithelia
  5. Liver and kidney
A
  1. Permanent
  2. Stable
  3. Permanent
  4. Labile
  5. Labile
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4
Q

Type of stem cell that has capacity to generate all cell lineage

A

Pluripotent stem cell

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5
Q

Type of stem cells that generate 3 germ layers and can be genetically manipulated

A

iPS

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6
Q

4 components of Repair

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
  3. Deposition of ECM
  4. Remodelling
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7
Q

Process where cell differentiates from one type to another

A

Transdifferentiation

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8
Q

Capacity to transdifferentiate into multiple lineage is called…

A

Developmental plasticity

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9
Q

Junction between hepatocytes and biliary system where liver stem cells reside…

A

Canals of Hering

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10
Q

Bipotent progenitors found in liver

A

Oval cells

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11
Q

Neural stem cells are found in what part of the brain…

A

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus and subventricular zone

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12
Q

Skin stem cells occur where?

A

Hair follicle bulge

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13
Q

True or False: Bulge stem cells replenish epidermis after wounding and participate in normal epidermal homeostasis.

A

False. Do not participate

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14
Q

Epidermal interfollicular region generate differentiated epidermis with a turnover of 3 weeks. True or False

A

False. 4 weeks

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15
Q

Differentiated epithelium derived from multiple crypts

A

Intestinal villus epithelium

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16
Q

Regeneration of skeletam muscle is accomplished by what…

A

Proliferation of satellite cells ( stem cell pool in adult muscle)

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17
Q

Stem cells that maintain the outermost layers of corneal epithelium

A

Limbal stem cells

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18
Q

Tumor suppresor gene that is activated in in response to DNa damage

A

p53

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19
Q

Growth factor that is mitogenic for fibroblasts

A

EGF

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20
Q

Tumor suppresor gene that is activated in in response to DNa damage

A

p53

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21
Q

Growth factor that is mitogenic for fibroblasts

A

EGF

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22
Q

Receptor that is overexpressed in subset of breast cancer

A

ERB B2 receptor or HER-2 or Ner2/Neu

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23
Q

GF that has mitogenic effects on most epitelial cells and promotes embyonic development

A

HGF ( also increases motility and keratinocyte proliferation)

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24
Q

GF that promotes blood vessel formation

A

VEGF
Early development (vasculogenesis)
New blood vessel growth in adult (angiogenesis)

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25
Q

Main receptor for vasculogenesis/angiogenesis

A

VEGFR-2 expressed by ECs

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26
Q

VEGF-C and -D bind to what receptor and what function?

A

VEGFR-3, induce lymphatic endothelial proliferation (lymphagiogenesis)

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27
Q

Action of Basic FGF

A

Ability to induce all steps necessary for angiogenesis

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28
Q

Types of kinase activity

  1. EGF?
  2. TGF-B.
A
  1. Tyrosine kinase

2. Serine-threonine kinase

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29
Q

TGF-B is a growth inhibitor and has a potent proinflammatory effects. True or False

A

False, anti-inflammatory

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30
Q

Type of receptor that contain seven transmembrane spans..

A

G protein-coupled receptors(include chemokine receptors and receptor for Epi and glucagon)

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31
Q

Type of receptors that their ligand is lipophilic and directly diffuse thru plasma membrane

A

Steroid hormone receptors (typically intranuclear transcription factors)

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32
Q

End result of most signal transduction?

A

Altered gene transcription( driven by changes in transcription factor activity)

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33
Q

Inadequacy of true regeneration in mammals is ascribed to what?

A

Rapid proliferative response and scar formation after wounding

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34
Q

Regeneration of partial hepatectomy is thru what adaptation?

A

Compensatory hyperplasia( replication of MATURE CELL; No stem cells involved) triggered by HGF and IL-6

35
Q

Growth of remaining kidney after unilateral involves what adaptation?

A

Nephron hypertrophy and limited tubular epithelial replication

36
Q

Function of fibrous structural proteins and examples

A

Provide tensile strength and recoil

Ex: collagen and elastin

37
Q

Function of adhesive glycoproteins

A

Connect ECM elements to each other and to cells

38
Q

Function of proteoglycans and hyaluronan

A

Provide resilience and lubrication

39
Q

Collagen has what kind of pattern or sequence

A

Triple helix braid of 3 polypeptide chains

Gly-X-Y

40
Q

In collagen, Gly-X-Y pattern. X and Y can be any amino acids except?

A

Cysteine or tryptophan

41
Q

What are the fibrillar collagens?

A

Type I, II, III, V and XI

42
Q

Collagen of skin and bone

A

Type I

43
Q

Collagen of Cartilage

A

Type II

44
Q

Major collagen of basement membrane

A

Type IV; interrupted triple helices and forms sheets instead fibrils

45
Q

Collagen that forms anchoring fibrils bt. epithelium and forms underlying mesenchymal support structures

A

Type VII

46
Q

Inherited defects in fibrillin

A

Marfan syndrome

47
Q

Most abundant glycoprotein in BM

A

Laminin

48
Q

Type of adhesive glycoproteins thzt calcium dependent interaction

A

Cadherins

49
Q

Cell-cell interaction mediated thru cadherins and catenins play a major role in what?

A

Cell motility and transdifferention; also account for contact inhibition of cell proliferation

50
Q

Adhesion molecule that contributed to tissue remodeling and angiogenesis inhibitor

A

SPARC (Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) also known as osteonectin

51
Q

Adhesive proteins that regulates calcification and leukocyte migration

A

Osteopontin

52
Q

Multimeric proteins involved in morphogenesis and cell adhesion

A

Tenacins

53
Q

ECM component that has a major role in regulating connective tissue structure, permeability and growth factor activity

A

Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan

54
Q

Outcome of healing is affected by:

A
  1. Proliferative capacity of damaged tissue
  2. Integrity of ECM
  3. Chronicity of inflammation
55
Q

Excess ECM deposition is called…

A

Fibrosis

56
Q

Angiogenesis is also know as…

A

Neovascularization

57
Q

Common precursor of HSC and angioblasts

A

Hemangioblasts

58
Q

Most important factor in angiogenesis

A

VEGF

59
Q

Most important fibrinogenic agent

A

TGF-B

60
Q

Major source of different factors in healing wounds

A

Macrophage

61
Q

Two weeks after injury, dominant feature in scar formation is….

A

Collagen deposition and regression of vasculature

62
Q

Matrix metalloproteinaise are secreted as proenzymes and need what metals for their activity?

A

Zinc

63
Q

Action of MMP

A

Degrade ECM

64
Q

MMP is inhibited by?

A

TGF-B

65
Q

Wound strength: how long?

  1. If 10%?
  2. If 70-80%
A
  1. One week

2. 3 months

66
Q

Excessive granulation tissue tha protrude above the surrounding skin and block re-epithelization is known as…

A

Proud flesh

67
Q

Extensive depositon of collagen that occurs in lungs, liver, kidney and other organs.

A

Fibrosis

68
Q

If fiboris develops in a tissue space occupied by inflammatory exudate, it is called ________

A

Organization

69
Q

Examples of stable tissues/cells

A

Liver, kidney, pancreas, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.

70
Q

Extensive depositon of collagen that occurs in lungs, liver, kidney and other organs.

A

Fibrosis

71
Q

If fiboris develops in a tissue space occupied by inflammatory exudate, it is called ________

A

Organization

72
Q

Examples of stable tissues/cells

A

Liver, kidney, pancreas, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.

73
Q

Most important sources of growth factors during tissue injury and repair

A

Macrophage

74
Q

Most important stem cells for regeneration after injury

A

Tissue stem cells

75
Q

During angiogenesis, main GF that stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells?

A

FGF-2

76
Q

Action of PDGF and TGF-B during angiogenesis

A

PDGF: recruits smooth muscle cells

TGF-B: suppresses endothelial proliferation and migration and enhances production of ECM proteins

77
Q

Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of CT

A

TGF-B

78
Q

Regulation of TGF-B level is by what?

A

By posttranscriptional activation

79
Q

Major source of collagen in lung and kidney

A

Myofibroblasts

80
Q

Major collagen producers in liver cirrhosis

A

Stellate cells

81
Q

Dehiscence occurs most frequently after ________ and is due to what?

A

After abdominal surgery; due to increase abdominal pressure

82
Q

Accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen give rise to a raised sca known as?

A

Hypertrophic scar

83
Q

If the scar tissue grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress, it is called as?

A

Keloid

84
Q

Hypetrophic scars generally develop after what?

A

After thermal or traumatic injury( involves deep layers of the dermis)

General Pathology (8 decks)

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