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General Pathology > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

First step in all inflammatory reactions

A

Recognition of offending agents

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2
Q

2 main components of inflammation

A
  1. Vascular wall response

2. Inflammatory cell response

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3
Q

Response of vascularized living tissue to injury

A

Inflammation

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4
Q

Calor is due to….

A

Vascular dilation

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5
Q

Rubor is due to

A

vascular dilation and congestion

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6
Q

Tumor or edema is due to

A

Increased vascular permeability

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7
Q

Dolor is due to

A

Mediator release

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8
Q

Functio laesa is due to

A

Pain, edema, tissue injury and scar

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9
Q

What pressure caused fluid to move out of circulation?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

Pressure causes fluid to move into the capillaries

A

Plasma osmotic pressure

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11
Q

What is exudate?

A

Inflammatory, extravascular fluid with cellular debris and high protein concentration (sp. gravity of 1.020 or more)

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12
Q

Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma resulting from elevated fluid pressure or diminished plasma osmotic forces

A

Transudate

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13
Q

What is pus?

A

Purulent inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils and cell debris

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14
Q

Slow movement of rbc

A

Stasis

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15
Q

Most common mechanism of increased permeability

A

Contration of venule endothelium to form intercellular gaps

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16
Q

Increased transport of fluid and proteins thru endothelial cell

A

Transcytosis

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17
Q

Represent a secondary line of defense when local inflammatory responses cannot contain an infection

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

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18
Q

Lymphatics may become inflammed

A

Lymphagitis; manifests as red streaks

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19
Q

Enlarged painful nodes

A

Lymphadenitis

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20
Q

Nodal enlargement due to lymphoid follicle and sinusoidal phagocyte hyperplasia

A

Reactive lymphadenitis

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21
Q

Type of wbc that migrate into site of injury depends on what?

A

Age of inflammatory response and original stimulus

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22
Q

Process of getting cells from vessel lumen to tissue interstitium

A

Extravasation

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23
Q

Extravasation has 3 steps:

A
  1. Margination, rolling and adhesion of endothelium
  2. Transmigration across endothelium
  3. Migration in interstitial tissues toward s chemotactic factor
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24
Q

Adhesion molecule that mediates rolling

A

Selectins

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25
Q

Bind integrins on leukocytes mediate firm adhesion

A

ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

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26
Q

ICAM-1 binds to what integrins

A

B2 integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1

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27
Q

Principal integrin that binds to VCAM-1 is…

A

B1 integrin VLA4

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28
Q

Mediates leukocyte migration thru endothelium

A

CR31 or PECAM

29
Q

Mediates leukocyte migration thru endothelium

A

CR31 or PECAM

30
Q

They increase endothelial expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

A

TNF AND IL-1

31
Q

Most important for integrin binding

A

Increased avidity of binding

32
Q

Once wbc is in the underlying connective tissue, it adhere to the extracellular matrix via integrin binding to….

A

CD44

33
Q

Major macrophage activating factor and it is produced by what?

A

IFN-y; activated T lymphocytes and NK cells

34
Q

Receptor that participate in cellular responses to bacterial LPS

A

TLRs

35
Q

Receptor that recognize bacterial peptides containing N-formyl methionine residues

A

G protein coupled receptors

36
Q

Most essential functional comsquences of wbc activation is….

A

Ehanced phagocytosis and intracellular killing

37
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I is due to

A

Defective sythesis of B2 integrin

38
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II is due to

A

Defect in fucose metabolism causing loss of sialyl-lewis X(ligAnd for E and P selectin)

39
Q

Genetic defects in phagolysosome formation

A

Chediak higashi ( defective lysosomal enzyme delivery to phagosome)

40
Q

Most common clinical cause of leukocyte defects

A

Neutropenia found in cancer chemotherapy and metastatic tumor

41
Q

Action of vasoactive amines and examples

A

They cause arteriolar dilation and increased permeability of venules; histamine and serotonin

42
Q

Major sources of serotonin

A

Platelets and neuroendocrine cells

43
Q

Platelet release of both histamine and serotonin is stimulated by contact with:

A

Collagen, thrombin, ADP and antigen antibody complexes

44
Q

Cyclooxygenase is irreversibly inhibited by what? Reversibly by what?

A

Irreversible: aspirin
Reversible: NSAIDS

45
Q

Action of PAF

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, increased leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis and oxidative burst

46
Q

T or F: NO is a activator of cellular inflammatory response

A

False; inhibitor

47
Q

Action of leukotrienes

A

Vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased permeability

48
Q

Actions of lipoxin

A

Vasodilation, inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, stimulates monocytw adhesion

49
Q

NO is synthesized from what and what enzyme?

A

From arginine, molecular oxygen, NADPH

; by nitric oxide synthase

50
Q

eNOS and nNOS are activated after?

A

After increased cytoplasmic calcium; constitutively expressed

51
Q

iNOS is synthesized by what and after what?

A

Macrophages; after exposure to certain cytokines

52
Q

Cytokines are produced principally by what?

A

Activated T lymphocytes and macrophages

53
Q

IL-1 production is controlled by what?

A

Inflammasomes; multi-protein intracellular complex

54
Q

Function of inflammasomes

A

Activate caspase family members to cleave inactive IL-1 precursors to active one

55
Q

Mutation in inflammasome lead to what?

A

Constitutive caspase activation and unregulated IL-1 production (inherited autoinflammatory syndromes)

56
Q

Class of chemokine with one aminno acid residue separating the first 2 conserved cysteine residue

A

CXc chemokine

57
Q

Action of CXC chemokine and example?

A

Neutrophil chemoattractant; IL-8

58
Q

Class of chemokine with first 2 conserved cysteine residues adjacent

A

CC chemokines

59
Q

Action of CC chemokines and examples

A

Recruit monoctes, eosinophils, basophils except neutrophils; eotaxin

60
Q

Chemokine that lack two of four conserved cysteines

A

C chemokine

61
Q

Example of C chemokine

A

Lymphotactin

62
Q

Only known CX3C chemokine

A

Fractalkine;
2 forms: endothelial surface bound protein(firm mononuclear cell adhesion) and soluble form(chemoattractant for mononuclear cells)

63
Q

Chemokines mediate their activities by binding to what receptor?

A

G protein linked receptors

64
Q

Action of IL-6

A

Multiple local and systemic inflammatory responses; made by macrophage

65
Q

Action of IL-17

A

Neutrophil chemoattractant; made by T lymphocytes

66
Q

Action of Substance P

A

Neuropeptide; powerful mediator of vascular permeability, transmit pain signals, regulates BP and stimulates immune and endocrine cell secretion

67
Q

Most importan step for complement biological activities

A

Activation of C3 component

68
Q

Localized accumulation of purulent inflammation accompanied by liquefactive necrosis

A

Abscess

69
Q

Local erosions of epithelial surfaces produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

A

Ulcers

General Pathology (8 decks)

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