Acute Inflammation Flashcards by Nichole montierro

First step in all inflammatory reactions

Recognition of offending agents

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2 main components of inflammation

Vascular wall response

2. Inflammatory cell response

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Response of vascularized living tissue to injury

Inflammation

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Calor is due to….

Vascular dilation

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Rubor is due to

vascular dilation and congestion

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Tumor or edema is due to

Increased vascular permeability

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Dolor is due to

Mediator release

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Functio laesa is due to

Pain, edema, tissue injury and scar

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What pressure caused fluid to move out of circulation?

Hydrostatic pressure

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Pressure causes fluid to move into the capillaries

Plasma osmotic pressure

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What is exudate?

Inflammatory, extravascular fluid with cellular debris and high protein concentration (sp. gravity of 1.020 or more)

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Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma resulting from elevated fluid pressure or diminished plasma osmotic forces

Transudate

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What is pus?

Purulent inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils and cell debris

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Slow movement of rbc

Stasis

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Most common mechanism of increased permeability

Contration of venule endothelium to form intercellular gaps

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Increased transport of fluid and proteins thru endothelial cell

Transcytosis

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Represent a secondary line of defense when local inflammatory responses cannot contain an infection

Mononuclear phagocyte system

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Lymphatics may become inflammed

Lymphagitis; manifests as red streaks

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Enlarged painful nodes

Lymphadenitis

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Nodal enlargement due to lymphoid follicle and sinusoidal phagocyte hyperplasia

Reactive lymphadenitis

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Type of wbc that migrate into site of injury depends on what?

Age of inflammatory response and original stimulus

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Process of getting cells from vessel lumen to tissue interstitium

Extravasation

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Extravasation has 3 steps:

Margination, rolling and adhesion of endothelium
Transmigration across endothelium
Migration in interstitial tissues toward s chemotactic factor

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Adhesion molecule that mediates rolling

Selectins

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Bind integrins on leukocytes mediate firm adhesion

ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

ICAM-1 binds to what integrins

B2 integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1

Principal integrin that binds to VCAM-1 is...

B1 integrin VLA4

Mediates leukocyte migration thru endothelium

CR31 or PECAM

Mediates leukocyte migration thru endothelium

CR31 or PECAM

They increase endothelial expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

TNF AND IL-1

Most important for integrin binding

Increased avidity of binding

Once wbc is in the underlying connective tissue, it adhere to the extracellular matrix via integrin binding to....

CD44

Major macrophage activating factor and it is produced by what?

IFN-y; activated T lymphocytes and NK cells

Receptor that participate in cellular responses to bacterial LPS

TLRs

Receptor that recognize bacterial peptides containing N-formyl methionine residues

G protein coupled receptors

Most essential functional comsquences of wbc activation is....

Ehanced phagocytosis and intracellular killing

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I is due to

Defective sythesis of B2 integrin

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II is due to

Defect in fucose metabolism causing loss of sialyl-lewis X(ligAnd for E and P selectin)

Genetic defects in phagolysosome formation

Chediak higashi ( defective lysosomal enzyme delivery to phagosome)

Most common clinical cause of leukocyte defects

Neutropenia found in cancer chemotherapy and metastatic tumor

Action of vasoactive amines and examples

They cause arteriolar dilation and increased permeability of venules; histamine and serotonin

Major sources of serotonin

Platelets and neuroendocrine cells

Platelet release of both histamine and serotonin is stimulated by contact with:

Collagen, thrombin, ADP and antigen antibody complexes

Cyclooxygenase is irreversibly inhibited by what? Reversibly by what?

Irreversible: aspirin Reversible: NSAIDS

Action of PAF

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, increased leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis and oxidative burst

T or F: NO is a activator of cellular inflammatory response

False; inhibitor

Action of leukotrienes

Vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased permeability

Actions of lipoxin

Vasodilation, inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, stimulates monocytw adhesion

NO is synthesized from what and what enzyme?

From arginine, molecular oxygen, NADPH | ; by nitric oxide synthase

eNOS and nNOS are activated after?

After increased cytoplasmic calcium; constitutively expressed

iNOS is synthesized by what and after what?

Macrophages; after exposure to certain cytokines

Cytokines are produced principally by what?

Activated T lymphocytes and macrophages

IL-1 production is controlled by what?

Inflammasomes; multi-protein intracellular complex

Function of inflammasomes

Activate caspase family members to cleave inactive IL-1 precursors to active one

Mutation in inflammasome lead to what?

Constitutive caspase activation and unregulated IL-1 production (inherited autoinflammatory syndromes)

Class of chemokine with one aminno acid residue separating the first 2 conserved cysteine residue

CXc chemokine

Action of CXC chemokine and example?

Neutrophil chemoattractant; IL-8

Class of chemokine with first 2 conserved cysteine residues adjacent

CC chemokines

Action of CC chemokines and examples

Recruit monoctes, eosinophils, basophils except neutrophils; eotaxin

Chemokine that lack two of four conserved cysteines

C chemokine

Example of C chemokine

Lymphotactin

Only known CX3C chemokine

Fractalkine; 2 forms: endothelial surface bound protein(firm mononuclear cell adhesion) and soluble form(chemoattractant for mononuclear cells)

Chemokines mediate their activities by binding to what receptor?

G protein linked receptors

Action of IL-6

Multiple local and systemic inflammatory responses; made by macrophage

Action of IL-17

Neutrophil chemoattractant; made by T lymphocytes

Action of Substance P

Neuropeptide; powerful mediator of vascular permeability, transmit pain signals, regulates BP and stimulates immune and endocrine cell secretion

Most importan step for complement biological activities

Activation of C3 component

Localized accumulation of purulent inflammation accompanied by liquefactive necrosis

Abscess

Local erosions of epithelial surfaces produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

Ulcers