Tissue Components

Question 1

What are the four major tissue types?

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

What are the three germ layers of the embryonic tissue

Answer 2

Endoderm (innermost), mesoderm, ectoderm (outermost)

Question 3

What does the endoderm eventually develop into?

Answer 3

The lining of the digestive tract and organs like the pancreas and liver

Question 4

What does the mesoderm develop into?

Answer 4

Tissues like muscle, bone, and blood vessels

Question 5

What does the ectoderm form?

Answer 5

Skin and neuroectoderm

Question 6

Is epithelial tissue highly vascularized or mostly composed of cells?

Answer 6

Mostly cells

Question 7

What are the 3 surfaces of epithelial cells?

Answer 7

Free (exposed to air/liquid), lateral, and basal (what cells adhering to)

Question 8

What is the name of the most common basal layer?

Answer 8

Basement membrane

Question 9

Why do epithelial cells need specialized cell contacts?

Answer 9

They hold the cells together and keep them from falling apart (important because cells avascular)

Question 10

What is the role of the basement membrane in the kidney nephron?

Answer 10

A filter

Question 11

Besides attachment, what is a function of the basement membrane?

Answer 11

Guides cell migration during tissue repair

Question 12

What is an example of cells that don’t have a basement membrane associated with them?

Answer 12

Epithelial cells in liver lining bile caniliculis

Question 13

What are five functions of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 13

protecting underlying structures, acting as barriers, permitting passage of substances (selective permeability), secreting substances, absorbing substances

Question 14

Explain the classification “pseudostratified”

Answer 14

When there appears to be multiple layers of cells (as in stratified), but all the cells actually connect to the basement membrane (as in simple)

Question 15

What are the main functions of simple epithelium?

Answer 15

Diffusion of gases, filtration, secretion, absorption, movement

Question 16

Why are simple epithelium cells not suited as well to protection?

Answer 16

They have only a single layer of cells, and so are not much of a barrier, especially if damaged

Question 17

Where are some places where simply squamous epithelium found?

Answer 17

lining of blood/lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs, loop of Henle in kidney tubules, lining of serous membrane

Question 18

Where are some places where simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Answer 18

kidney tubules, glands/ducts, choroid plexus (brain), lining of terminal bronchioles (lungs)

Question 19

Which simple epithelium types are often associated with cillia and in some cases microvilli?

Answer 19

Simple cuboidal and simple columnar

Question 20

Where are simple columnar epithelial cells normally found?

Answer 20

Glands/ducts, bronchioles (lungs), stomach, intestines, gallbladder, vile ducts, ventricles in brain

Question 21

What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 21

Protection

Question 22

What is the difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized cells?

Answer 22

Keratinized cells are basically dead cells (have lost most organelles and nucleus), while nonkeratinized are still alive and metabolically active

Question 23

What is the difference between cillia and microvilli?

Answer 23

Microvilli are merely present to increase surface area, while cillia can move and help remove debris or keep liquid flowing

Question 24

Where is stratified squamous epithelium commonly found?

Answer 24

Places subject to abrasion or friction (mouth, skin, esophagus, anus, vagina, cornea)

Question 25

What are the main functions of stratified cuboidal epithelial cells?

Answer 25

Absorption/secretion

Question 26

Where is stratified columnar epithelium commonly found?

Answer 26

Mammary gland duct, larynx, part of male urethra

Question 27

Where is pseudostratified epithelium normally found and what are its main functions?

Answer 27

Lining of nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi (lungs); synthesize/secrete mucus, move mucus/fluid containing foreign particles over free surface and out of passages

Question 28

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium almost always associated with _____

Answer 28

cillia

Question 29

What organ is lined with transitional epithelium?

Answer 29

Bladder

Question 30

What is unique about transitional epithelium?

Answer 30

It is stratified with cells that are able to change shape to account for increasing volume

Question 31

What are stereocillia?

Answer 31

Elongated microvilli for sensing/absorption

Question 32

Desmosomes are commonly found in places subjected to _______

Answer 32

stress

Question 33

Desmosomes contain especially adhesive ______

Answer 33

glycoproteins

Question 34

In what cells are desmosomes commonly found?

Answer 34

Striated squamous epithelium (of skin)

Question 35

What are hemidesmosomes anchored with?

Answer 35

Glycoproteins

Question 36

Tight junctions are usually found closer to which face of the cell?

Answer 36

Free surface or apical

Question 37

What are the two zones of tight junctions?

Answer 37

Zonula adherens and zonula occludens

Question 38

Which tight junction zone covers all part of the cell membrane?

Answer 38

Zonula occludens

Question 39

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 39

Endocrine and exocrine

Question 40

What are the three methods of secretion in ducts?

Answer 40

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine