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PPS 911 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are five functions of the skeletal system?

A

support, protection, movement, storage (calcium, phosphate, adipose), blood cell production

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2
Q

________ connect bone to bone and _______ connect muscle to bone.

A

ligaments, tendons

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3
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

in the bone marrow

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4
Q

What are the four components of the skeletal system?

A

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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5
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A

long bones, flat bones, irregular bones, short bones, sesamoid bones

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6
Q

Ribs are considered to be what type of bone?

A

flat bones

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7
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone (a “suspended” bone)

A

patella

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8
Q

_____ bones are usually found in the limbs, while _____ bones are found in the extremities like the hands and feet

A

long, short

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9
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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10
Q

Which type of cartilage is made mostly of large collagen fibers, and which is made mostly of fine collage arrayed fibers (is spongy)?

A

hyaline (large), fibrocartilage (fine)

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11
Q

What two fibers make up elastic cartilage?

A

collagen, elastin

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12
Q

Hyaline is associated with many ________ that help it trap water

A

glycoproteins

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13
Q

When do chondroblasts turn into chondrocytes?

A

once they make enough cartilage to surround themselves

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14
Q

What is found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

collagen fibers for strength, proteoglycans for resiliency

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15
Q

What is the perichondrium and where is it found?

A

double-layer connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage everywhere except at joints (articulations)

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16
Q

The _____ layer of the perichondrium contains chondroblasts and is more delicate, while the _____ layer of the perichondrium contains blood vessels and nerves.

A

inner and outer

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17
Q

What is articular cartilage and where is it found?

A

cartilage without perichondrium, covers bones at joints

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18
Q

What are the two kinds of growth cartilage undergoes and what is the characteristic growth pattern of each?

A

appositional growth, where new matrix/chondrocytes are added on the outer edge of the cartilage, and interstitial growth, where chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and add more matrix between cells

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19
Q

What are the organic components of bone and what are the inorganic components?

A

collagen, proteosomes (organic), hydroxyapatite, CaPO4 crystals (inorganic)

20
Q

Osteoblasts (bone creating cells) have lots of _______ and an extensive _______ in order to create collagen.

A

ribosomes (ER), golgi apparatus

21
Q

How do osteoblasts concentrate calcium and phosphate within cell vesicles until they are needed and can be released through exocytosis?

A

cells use active transport to move calcium and phosphate against their gradients into the cell

22
Q

How do osteoblasts communicate with each other?

A

through gap junctions (connecting cell processes)

23
Q

The formation of bone by osteoblasts is called…

A

ossification

24
Q

What are bone lacunae?

A

spaces in the bone matrix occupied by the osteocyte cell body

25
Q

What are bone canaliculi?

A

canals occupied by osteocyte cell processes

26
Q

How do nutrients get from cell to cell in bone?

A

they diffuse through the small amount of liquid in lacunae and canaliculi and can travel through gap junctions

27
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

bone resorption (breaking down)

28
Q

What is the ruffled border of the osteoclast?

A

where the osteoclast cell membrane “suction cups” to the bone, where resorption taking place

29
Q

What are osteoclast enzymes dependent on?

A

pH

30
Q

Which bone cells are multinucleated?

A

osteoclasts

31
Q

Which cells are osteoclasts derived from?

A

monocytes

32
Q

What are perforating canals?

A

places where blood vessels from the periosteum penetrate the bone

33
Q

What are the four “stages” of bone?

A

woven, lamellar, cancellous, compact

34
Q

Which stage of bone is commonly found in infants and is characterized by many irregular collagen fibers going in all different directions?

A

woven bone

35
Q

Which stage of bone often comes after woven, and is characterized by all collagen fibers going in the same direction?

A

lamellar

36
Q

Which stage/type of bone contains many open spaces for vasculature and is also called spongy bone?

A

cancellous

37
Q

Which stage/type of bone has bone arranged in concentric layers around a central blood source?

A

compact

38
Q

Why can’t bone undergo interstitial growth like cartilage?

A

because the bone matrix is solid unlike cartilage matrix

39
Q

What kind of growth does bone undergo?

A

appositional growth (cartilage added and then ossified)

40
Q

Growth in bone length occurs at the ____________

A

epiphyseal plate

41
Q

After the epiphyseal plate is ossified (between age 12-25), it becomes the ______________

A

epiphyseal line

42
Q

Which type of cartilage does NOT ossify?

A

articular cartilage

43
Q

What purpose does Vitamin D serve in bone growth? Vitamin C?

A

Vitamin D is needed for calcium to be absorbed from the intestines, and vitamin C is needed so osteoblasts can synthesize collagen

44
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary gland

45
Q

Bone remodeling converts ____ bone into _____ bone

A

woven, lamellar

46
Q

Bone remodeling is caused by the migration of what?

A

basic multicellular units (groups of osteoclasts/osteoblasts)

47
Q

Bone _____ grows faster than bone _____

A

length, width

PPS 911 (6 decks)

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