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PPS 911 > GI function > Flashcards

GI function Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of drugs are given by the oral route?

A

80%

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2
Q

What is the second deadliest cancer in the US?

A

colorectal cancer

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3
Q

The GI tract starts at the ______ and ends at the _____

A

mouth and anus

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4
Q

What are three GI tract accessory organs?

A

liver, gallbladder pancreas

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5
Q

What are the five layers of the GI wall?

A

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa, epithelial lining

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6
Q

The muscularis layer includes _______ muscle that traverses the length of the GI tract and ______ muscle that exists in localized rings.

A

longitudinal and circular

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7
Q

In what GI wall layer is the myenteric nerve plexus located?

A

muscularis (between longitudinal and circular layers)

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8
Q

Which GI wall layer has contact with the contents of the lumen?

A

epithelial lining

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9
Q

In what GI wall layer is the submucosal plexus located?

A

submucosa

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10
Q

What is mesentary?

A

helps attach the GI tract to the inside cavity

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11
Q

Which GI wall layer has many fold and contains glands and microvilli?

A

mucosa

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12
Q

A _________ is a fusion of fiber bundles partly separated by loose connective tissue that functions as a unit (usually).

A

syncytium

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13
Q

What are tonic contractions?

A

when the muscle stays contracted for a long time

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14
Q

With slow waves of depolarization, does a muscle contraction usually occur? Why or why not?

A

No, because there isn’t a great enough change in membrane potential for contractions

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a migrating motor complex (MMC)?

A

to facilitate emptying of GI contents

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16
Q

Tonic contractions can be caused by prolonged exposure to ________

A

calcium

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17
Q

Which kind of potentials usually lead to contractions of muscle?

A

spike potentials

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18
Q

What is the only place in the GI tract where slow depolarization waves result in muscle contractions?

A

stomach

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19
Q

Is the fixed frequency of slow waves of depolarization the same everywhere in the GI tract?

A

no

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20
Q

Voltage-dependent _______-______ channels exist in the smooth muscle.

A

calcium, sodium

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21
Q

Entry of _____ causes contraction

A

calcium

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22
Q

What are three things that stimulate depolarization (action potential beginning)?

A

stretching of muscle, stimulation by acetylcholine (parasympathetic nerves), stimulation by gastrointestinal hormones

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23
Q

What is one thing that stimulates hyperpolarization?

A

stimulation of fiber membranes by norepinephrine/epinephrine

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24
Q

What are three causes of tonic contractions?

A

continuous, repetitive spike potentials, hormones/factors that result in partial depolarization (but not action potentials), continuous entry of calcium into the cell

25
Q

Is the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) during fasted or fed conditions?

A

fasting

26
Q

Which two plexuses are part of the enteric nervous system?

A

myenteric (auerbach’s), submucosal (meissner’s)

27
Q

What does the submucosal plexus control?

A

movement of mucosal folds, glands/epithelial cells, local blood flow (concerned with local movement)

28
Q

The ________ plexus has neurons that extend the entire length of the GI tract, while the _______ plexus has neurons within segments of the GI tract for local control.

A

myenteric and submucosal

29
Q

What two things does the myenteric plexus stimulate?

A

increased tonic contractions, increased intensity/rate of rhythmical contractions

30
Q

What does the myenteric plexus inhibit?

A

pyloric sphincter (stomach to duodenum, prevents acidic material from spilling out), sphincter of ileocecal valve (small intestine-ileum to cecum, prevents backflow in intestines)

31
Q

What are three things that stimulate sensory afferent neurons (carry info to CNS)?

A

distention of gut wall, irritation of gut wall (nonspecific), specific chemical stimuli

32
Q

The sympathetic GI innervation is mainly ____ganglionic, while the parasympathetic GI innervation is mainly ____ganglionic.

A

post and pre

33
Q

The ________ innervation is mainly concerned with inhibition in the GI tract; what chemicals are used in inhibition?

A

sympathetic, norepinephrine, epinephrine

34
Q

The ______ innervation is mainly concerned with stimulation in the GI tract; what chemical is used in stimulation?

A

parasympathetic, acetylcholine

35
Q

What are the two types of functional movement in the GI tract?

A

propulsive, mixing movements

36
Q

What is the Law of the Gut?

A

propulsive movements move food away from mouth (except with vomiting)

37
Q

Which plexus is required for peristalsis?

A

myenteric

38
Q

_________ GI reflexes involve more than 1 segment in the GI tract (ex.: gastrocolic involves stomach and colon).

A

long loop

39
Q

What are the two types of GI reflexes?

A

local, long loop

40
Q

Pain reflexes result in overall ________ of the GI tract.

A

inhibition

41
Q

What are three processes that local GI reflexes can affect (increase or decrease)?

A

secretion, peristalsis, mixing movements

42
Q

Which has a longer lasting effect: neurotransmitters or GI hormones?

A

GI hormones

43
Q

What are five GI hormones?

A

secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), motilin

44
Q

When and where is gastrin released?

A

in response to a meal (when), from G cells in stomach, duodenum, and jejunum (where)

45
Q

What are some things that stimulate the release of gastrin?

A

protein digestion products, distention, gastrin releasing peptide

46
Q

What are the physiological effects of gastrin?

A

increased acid secretion, increased growth of the mucosa

47
Q

What inhibits gastrin secretion?

A

acidification of the stomach

48
Q

Where is cholecystokinin (CCK) released from?

A

I cells in duodenum/jejunum

49
Q

What are three things that stimulate release of CCK?

A

digestive products of fat (fatty acids or monoglycerides), peptides and single amino acids, weak acid in the intestine

50
Q

The presence of _______ does NOT stimulate release of CCK.

A

triglycerides

51
Q

What are the physiological effects of CCK?

A

emptying gallbladder (contracts gallbladder, relaxes sphincter of Oddi), stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (weakly), inhibits gastric emptying, inhibits appetite, increases grow of pancreas/gallbladder mucosa

52
Q

Once the ___________ is open, the gallbladder can empty.

A

sphincter of Oddi

53
Q

Where is secretin release from?

A

S cells of duodenum/jejunum/ileum mucosa

54
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A

acid in duodenum, fatty acids in duodenum

55
Q

What are the physiological effects of secretin?

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates pancreatic and bile bicarbonate secretion, stimulates pepsin secretion in stomach

56
Q

Where is gastric inhibitory peptide released from?

A

duodenum, proximal jejunum

57
Q

What are the physiological effects of gastic inhibitory peptide?

A

stimulates insulin release, inhibits gastric acid secretion

58
Q

When and where is motilin released?

A

during fasting, from duodenum, proximal jejunum

59
Q

What is the physiological effect of motilin?

A

stimulates upper GI motility (migratin motor complex)

PPS 911 (6 decks)

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