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mammalian physiology > tissue, cell anatomy and function > Flashcards

tissue, cell anatomy and function Flashcards

1
Q

definition fibroblasts and ground substance

A

FIBROBLASTS: cells that secrete matrix proteins

GROUND SUBSTANCE: matrix of loose connective tissue

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2
Q

characteristics loose connective tissue

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: gel; more ground substance than fibers or cells
FIBER TYPE: collagen, elastic, reticular, random
MAIN CELL TYPES: fibroblasts
WHERE: skin, around blood vessels and organs, under epithelia

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3
Q

dense, irregular connective tissue

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: more fibers than ground substances
FIBER TYPE: mostly collagen, random
MAIN CELL TYPES: fibroblasts
WHERE: muscle and nerve sheats

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4
Q

dense, regular connective tissue

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: more fibers than ground substances
FIBER TYPE: mostly collagen, random
MAIN CELL TYPES: fibroblasts
WHERE: tendons (attach bone to muscle, lack elastic fibers and so cant stretch), ligaments (bone to bone, Because they connect elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers, they have a limit availability to stretch)

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5
Q

adipose tissue

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: very little ground substances
FIBER TYPE: none
MAIN CELL TYPES: brown and white (single lipid droplets) fat
WHERE: depends on age and sex

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6
Q

blood

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: aqueous
FIBER TYPE: none
MAIN CELL TYPES:blood cells
WHERE: in blood and lymph vessels

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7
Q

cartilage

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: firm but flexible; hyaluronic acid
FIBER TYPE: collagen
MAIN CELL TYPES: chondroblasts
WHERE: joint surfaces, spine, ear, nose, larynx

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8
Q

bone

A

GROUND SUBSTANCES: rigid due to calcium salts
FIBER TYPE: collagen
MAIN CELL TYPES: osteoblasts and osteocytes
WHERE: bones

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9
Q

characteristics epithelial

A

MATRIX AMOUNT: minimal
MATRIX TYPE: basal lamina
UNIQUE FEATURES: no direct blood supply
SURFACE FEATURES OF CELLS: microvilli, cilia
LOCATION: covers body surface; line cavities and hollow organs, and tubes; secretory glans
CELL ARRANGMENT AND SHAPES: variable number of layers, from one to many; cells flattened, buboidal or columnar

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10
Q

characteristic connective tissue

A

MATRIX AMOUNT: extensive
MATRIX TYPE: varied- protein fibers in ground substance that range from liquid to gelatinous to firm to calcified
UNIQUE FEATURES: cartilage has no blood supply
SURFACE FEATURES OF CELLS: NA
LOCATION: supports skin and other organs; cartilage, bone and blood
CELL ARRANGMENT AND SHAPES:cells not in layers; usually randomly scattered in matrix; cell shape irregular to round

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11
Q

characteristics muscle tissue

A

MATRIX AMOUNT: minimal
MATRIX TYPE: external lamina
UNIQUE FEATURES: able to generate electrical signals, force and movement
SURFACE FEATURES OF CELLS: NA
LOCATION: makes up skeletal muscles, hollow organs and tubes
CELL ARRANGMENT AND SHAPES: cells linked in sheets or elongated bundles; cells shaped in elongated, thin cylinders; heart muscle cells may be branched

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12
Q

characteristics nerve tissue

A

MATRIX AMOUNT: minimal
MATRIX TYPE: external lamina
UNIQUE FEATURES: able to generate electrical signals
SURFACE FEATURES OF CELLS:NA
LOCATION: throughout body; concentrated in brain and spinal cord
CELL ARRANGMENT AND SHAPES: cells isolated or net-worked; cell appendages highly branched and/or elongated

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13
Q

totipotent, multipotent, stem cells

A
  1. Cells are totipotent: because they have the ability to develop into any and all types of specialized cells.
    * * any totipotent cell has the potential to become a functioning organism
    1. After day 4 of the development, totipotent cells begin to specialize or differentiate, so they become pluripotent (cells that can develop into many different cell types but not all cell types).
    2. When the differentioation continues, pluripotent cells develop into the various body of the tissues, but many lose their ability to reproduce when they mature. So, they can be replaced by new cells created from stem cells, less specialized cell that retain the ability to divide.
        • undifferential stem cells in a tissue that retain the ability to divide and develop into the cell types of that tissue are to be multipotent
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14
Q

where in the body can we find stem cells + the promise of 2 stem cells

A

Skin, hair, liver, bone marrow, testies (but not ovary).. Anything that can heal itself

Stem cells hold great promise for medical therapies for 2 reasons:

1. Undifferentiated cells, give rise to almost all or any cell type
2. Highly proliferative - self renewing thereby large quntities can be produced for medical purposes such as repairing damaged tissue * * stem cell therapy is being developed to treat diseases and injusries such as spinal cord injury, cardiovascular diesase, alzheimer's
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15
Q

WHERE to get stem cells for research and treatments

A
  1. Embryo
    1. Somatic cell nuclear transfer

** tissue that would be generated that are a perfect match to the diseased individual

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16
Q

therapeutic cloning to isolate stem cells

A
  • Diseased patient-degenerating nerve disease-Lou Gehrigs
    • Harvest somatic cell, place in donor MII oocyte
    • Mature to blastocyst-harvest ESC
    • Treat in vivo with chemical cocktail to get cells to differentiate intp appropriate cell type (this is the hard part!)
    • Transplant back to patient
      disadvanatgeL CANCER
      Advanatge: treat disease
17
Q

HOW to get stem cells for research and treatments

A
  • Alternative sources of stems cells are adult bone marrow, and testis stem cells but these cells are not necessarily able to make all cell/tissues types
    • Shinya Yamanaka et al.
    • Induced ploripotent stem (iPS) cells created by forced expression of 4 transcription factors in mouse fibroblasts
    • Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc,and Klf4
    • Fibroblasts reverted to a stem-cell like state
    • Defined a gene recipe for stem cells
      This possibility offers the potential for patients to provide their own stem cells
18
Q

Steps of tetraploid complementation to verify source of embryonic cells

A
  1. Researchers used a virus to deliver 4 genes into fibroblast cells taken from adult mice, triggering the change to iPS cells.. These cells were then implanted into an embryo
    1. Fuse 2 ells of an early-stage fertilized embryo creating a tetraploid blastocyst. Able to produce placenta and other embryonic tissues, except an embryo itself
    2. Take induced pluripotency in fibroblasts and put it with the tetraploid cells
    3. Transplant the 2 fuse cells+ pluripotent fibroblasts in a mother
      The baby will be born with the characteristics of the pluripotency fibroblasts

mammalian physiology (8 decks)

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